Flooding in the Lake Chad Basin

By Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center

The Lake Chad Basin covers 2.4 million square kilometers, eight countries and nearly 8 percent of the African continent’s landmass.

Graphic showing rainfall anomalies in Central Africa — Rainfall anomalies in the Lake Chad Basin in Africa in 2019.

Given its position in developing nations, the water that moves through the basin’s river systems after the rainy season has an out-sized impact on the human beings who live there.

In some seasons, there isn’t enough water to go around. This season, the impact came in the form of too much water.

Flooding across the basin from heavier-than-average rainfall in the fall of 2019 is just one of the factors expected to intensify the need for food aid for the region well into 2020, according to a report from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Some 9.9 million people across the basin are likely to need humanitarian assistance this year.

At least 220,000 people had been affected by flooding across the basin as of late November, and northern Cameroon and northeast Nigeria (yellow inset) were hit particularly hard. According to data from the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), the areas just upstream from those flood zones saw between two and six inches more rainfall than average in the month of October. Those rains followed above-average rainfall from May through September.

Lake Chad Basin - November 29, 2018 — These false color images from Landsat 8 show the difference the moisture made. The image from November 29, 2018, shows the drainage basin south of Lake Chad in a more typical fall, with green vegetation spread for miles to the west of the Chari and Logone rivers.One year later, on December 2, 2019, those areas are not only lush with green vegetation but waterlogged. The deepest waters appear in dark shades of blue, while shallower pooling appears in lighter hues of aqua.

Lake Chad Basin - December 2, 2019 — These false color images from Landsat 8 show the difference the moisture made. The image from November 29, 2018, shows the drainage basin south of Lake Chad in a more typical fall, with green vegetation spread for miles to the west of the Chari and Logone rivers.One year later, on December 2, 2019, those areas are not only lush with green vegetation but waterlogged. The deepest waters appear in dark shades of blue, while shallower pooling appears in lighter hues of aqua.

N'Djamena - November 29, 2018 — A tighter crop of the same image offers a view of how the excess rainfall moved through a populated urban area. Around 1.6 million people live in and around Chad’s capital of N’Djamena, which rests at the confluence of the Chari and Logone rivers. Both rivers appear swollen in the 2019 image, and pools of water fill wetlands that were merely green the year before.

N'Djamena - December 2, 2019 — A tighter crop of the same image offers a view of how the excess rainfall moved through a populated urban area. Around 1.6 million people live in and around Chad’s capital of N’Djamena, which rests at the confluence of the Chari and Logone rivers. Both rivers appear swollen in the 2019 image, and pools of water fill wetlands that were merely green the year before.

Data from FEWS NET, collected and distributed through the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, help inform decisions on food aid across the developing world. Landsat data, archived by EROS and available at no cost to the user, can be used to support myriad applications. Find and download Landsat data at EarthExplorer.usgs.gov.

Flooding in the Lake Chad Basin

U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Department of the Interior