Images

Three Sisters annotated photograph viewed from south to North from Broken Top, Oregon.

Information regarding volume and rates of advance for the crevassed Crater Glacier at Mount St. Helens, Washington, are extracted from Digital Elevation Models created from aerial photography. The red line shows the extent of Crater Glacier in 2012. Since 2012, the glacier has advanced about 50 m (160 ft) down the Loowit channel.

Oblique aerial photograph of source areas and runout paths of some of the devastating debris flows that were responsible for more than 20,000 fatalities in Vargas state, Venezuela, December 1999.

Locations (Lat, Long, Depth) of January 17, 2010, earthquake swarm on Madison Plateau, Yellowstone National Park.

Tiltmeters allowed 24-hour monitoring as the information was telemetered back to CVO. Other instruments such as displacement meters for measuring cracks, seismometers for measuring earthquakes, gas sensors for measuring gas concentrations, and magnetometers for measuring the magnetic field, were also used for 24-hour monitoring.

Top panel shows a continuous GPS station located in Yellowstone National Park. The antenna is secured to the ground by several metal poles, and a nearby set of solar panels provides power to the station. Lower panel shows a semipermanent GPS station, with a small solar array for power and an antenna located close to the ground.

Mammoth Hot Springs at Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.

Map Showing Outbreak Progression In 1956

Moderate ash on corn crops from eruption of Tungurahua, Ecuador, 2007.

Mount St. Helens prior to the catastrophic eruption of May 18, 1980. Streams and lava flows also visible. View is looking southerly from oblique aerial view. Mount Hood in distance.

Volcano Evacuation Route sign along a roadway in Washington State.

Coconut grove and campground on the southern shoreline of Kīlauea Volcano at Halapē before 1975 magnitude 7.7 earthquake. Halapē was a popular hiking destination in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

Map of hazard zones for ground fractures and "small-scale" subsidence for the Island of Hawai‘i. Subsidence and fracturing events are frequent in zone 1, which covers the summit and rift zones of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, but are somewhat less frequent in zone 2, on the south flank of Kīlauea.

Simulated fractures and subsidence above a widening dike (dark area at bottom) were generated in a small-scale model using a box filled with flour, sugar, and corn meal. The simulated dike (tip is dark area bottom center of photograph) consisted of two linoleum sheets taped together.

Haleakalā Volcano map showing strata of the HANA Volcanics by age.

Hualālai Volcano (center) above Kīholo Bay on Hawai‘i Island's West Coast is flanked by lava flow erupted from the volcano around 1800 (right) and 1859 Mauna Loa flow (left).

Lava-flow hazard zones map, Island of Hawai‘i. See Full Map for complete legend.

Sampling gas and taking temperature measurements from a fumarole at the summit of Mount Rainier, Washington.

Dome building episode from 2004-2008 at Mount St. Helens can be observed and measured with these two digital elevation models (DEMs) developed before and after the eruptive episode.

Volcanic mudflows (lahars and debris flows) occur more commonly after a landscape has been covered by loose volcanic material. Sign on the slopes of Rabaul, Papua New Guinea.

The Uwīkahuna WT (water-tube) instrument is still measured today, providing one of the longest records of deformation for any volcano. The tiltmeter is read by looking into the portal on each pot and adjusting the sight until two pins appear to touch.