Volcano Hazard Assessments are based on the geologic record

By Volcano Hazards Program

A long-term volcano hazard assessment report is a publication that summarizes the types and likelihood of future hazardous phenomena expected to occur at a specific volcano or volcanic region.

The report typically includes a summary of the specific hazards, their impact areas, and a map showing ground-hazard zones. The assessments are also critical for planning long-term land-use, and effective emergency-response measures, especially when a volcano begins to show signs of unrest. Note that these are not the only hazard products available for these volcanoes - please see individual volcano publication pages for more hazard information, especially if a volcano is not listed here.

Alaska

Akutan

Waythomas, C. F., Power, J. A., Richter, D. H. & McGimsey, R. G. (1998). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Akutan Volcano east-central Aleutian Islands, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 98-360, 36 p., 1 plate.

Aniakchak

Neal, C. A., McGimsey, R. G., Miller, T. P., Riehle, J. R. & Waythomas, C. F. (2001). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 00-519, 35 p., 1 plate.

Atka

Waythomas, C.F., 2022, Selected crater and small caldera lakes in Alaska: Characteristics and hazards: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 9, p. 23, doi:10.3389/feart.2021.751216.

Augustine

Waythomas, C. F. & Waitt, R. (1998). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Augustine Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 98-106, 39 p., 1 plate.

Bogoslof

Waythomas, C.F., and Cameron, C.E., 2018, Historical eruptions and hazards at Bogoslof volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5085, 42 p.

Chiginagak

Waythomas, C.F., 2022, Selected crater and small caldera lakes in Alaska: Characteristics and hazards: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 9, p. 23.

Douglas

Waythomas, C.F., 2022, Selected crater and small caldera lakes in Alaska: Characteristics and hazards: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 9, p. 23.

Edgecumbe

Riehle, J. R., 1987, Potential hazards of the Edgecumbe volcanic field, southeastern Alaska [abs.]: in Geologic Hazards Symposium, Alaska Geological Society Program with Abstracts, Anchorage, Alaska, May 12-15, 1987, unpaged.

Emmons Lake

Waythomas, C. F., Miller, T. P. & Mangan, M. T. (2006). Preliminary volcano hazard assessment for the Emmons Lake Volcanic Center, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2006-5248, 33 p., 1 plate.

Fisher

Stelling, P. L., Beget, J. E., Gardner, J. E. & Schaefer, J. R. (2014). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Fisher volcano, Unimak Island, Alaska. Report of Investigations , 2014-5, 32 p.

Gareloi

Coombs, M. L., McGimsey, R. G. & Browne, B. L. (2008). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Gareloi Volcano, Gareloi Island, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2008–5159, 36 p., 1 plate.

Great Sitkin

Waythomas, C. F., Miller, T. P. & Nye, C. J. (2003). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Great Sitkin Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 03-112, 25 p., 1 plate.

Hayes

Waythomas, C. F. & Miller, T. P. (2002). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Hayes Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 02-072, 27 p., 1 plate.

Herbert

Waythomas, C.F., 2022, Selected crater and small caldera lakes in Alaska: Characteristics and hazards: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 9, p. 23.

Iliamna

Waythomas, C. F. & Miller, T. P. (1999). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Iliamna Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 99-373, 31 p., 1 plate.

Kanaga

Waythomas, C. F., Miller, T. P. & Nye, C. J. (2002). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Kanaga Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 02-0397, 27 p., 1 plate.

Kasatochi

Waythomas, C.F., 2022, Selected crater and small caldera lakes in Alaska: Characteristics and hazards: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 9, p. 23.

Katmai

Fierstein, J. & Hildreth, W. (2001). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai Volcanic Cluster, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 00-489, 50 p., 1 plate.

Makushin

Dietterich, H.R., Schaefer, J.R., Larsen, J.F., Vallance, J.W., Van Eaton, A.R., and Wallace, K.L., 2025, Makushin Volcano ash hazards: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular 86 v. 2, 2 p.

Beget, J. E., Nye, C. J. & Bean, K. W. (2000). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Makushin Volcano, Alaska. Report of Investigations , 2000-4, 22 p., 1 plate.

Martin

Waythomas, C.F., 2022, Selected crater and small caldera lakes in Alaska: Characteristics and hazards: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 9, p. 23.

Okmok

Beget, J. E., Larsen, J. F., Neal, C. A., Nye, C. J. & Schaefer, J. R. (2005). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Okmok Volcano, Unimak Island, Alaska. Report of Investigations , 2004-3, 32 p., 1 sheet.

Pavlof

Waythomas, C. F., Miller, T. P., McGimsey, R. G. & Neal, C. A. (1997). Preliminary volcanic-hazard assessment for Pavlof Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 97-135, 1 plate.

Redoubt

Waythomas, C. F., Dorava, J. M., Miller, T. P., Neal, C. A. & McGimsey, R. G. (1998). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Redoubt Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 97-857, 40 p., 1 plate.

Shishaldin

Beget, J. E., Nye, C. J., Schaefer, J. R. & Stelling, P. L. (2003). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska. Report of Investigations , 2002-4, 28 p., 1 plate.

Spurr

Waythomas, C. F. & Nye, C. J. (2002). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 01-482, 40 p., 1 plate.

Waythomas, C.F., 2022, Selected crater and small caldera lakes in Alaska: Characteristics and hazards: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 9, p. 23.

Tanaga

Coombs, M. L., McGimsey, R. G. & Browne, B. L. (2007). Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Tanaga volcanic cluster, Tanaga Island, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2007-5094, 41 p., 1 plate.

California

Clear Lake Volcanic Field

Mangan, M. T., Ball, J., Wood, N. J., Jones, J. L., Peters, J., Abdollahian, N., Dinitz, L., Blankenheim, S., Fenton, J. & Pridmore, C. (2018). California's Exposure to Volcanic Hazards. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2018-5159, 49 p.

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Coso Volcanic Field

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Miller, C. D., Mullineaux, D. R., Crandell, D. R. & Bailey, R. A. (1982). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in the Long Valley-Mono Lake area, east-central California and southwest Nevada; a preliminary assessment. U.S. Geological Survey Circular , 877, 10 p.

Lassen Volcanic Center

Clynne, M. A., Robinson, J. E., Nathenson, M. & Muffler, L. P. (2012). Volcano hazards assessment for the Lassen region, northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2012-5176-A, 47 p.

Nathenson, M., Clynne, M. A. & Muffler, L. P. (2012). Eruption probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and regional volcanism, northern California, and probabilities for large explosive eruptions in the Cascade Range. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2012-5176-B, 23 p.

Robinson, J. E. & Clynne, M. A. (2012). Lahar Hazard Zones for Eruption-Generated Lahars in the Lassen Volcanic Center, California. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2012-5176-C, 13 p.

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Christiansen, R. L. (1982). Volcanic hazard potential in the California Cascades. Martin, R. C. & Davis, J. F. (Eds.) , Special Publication , 63, p. 41-59.

Long Valley Caldera

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Mammoth Mountain

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Medicine Lake

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Donnelly-Nolan, J. M., Nathenson, M., Champion, D. E., Ramsey, D. W., Lowenstern, J. B. & Ewert, J. W. (2007). Volcano hazards assessment for Medicine Lake Volcano, Northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2007-5174-A, 26 p.

Nathenson, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J. M., Champion, D. E. & Lowenstern, J. B. (2007). Chronology of postglacial eruptive activity and calculation of eruption probabilities for Medicine Lake Volcano, Northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report , 2007-5174-B, 10 p.

Mono Lake Volcanic Field

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Mono-Inyo Chain

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Mount Shasta

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Crandell, D. R. (1989). Gigantic debris avalanche of Pleistocene age from ancestral Mount Shasta Volcano, California, and debris-avalanche hazard zonation. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1861, 32 p.

Crandell, D. R. & Nichols, D. R. (1989). Volcanic hazards at Mount Shasta, California. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 22 p.

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Christiansen, R. L. (1982). Volcanic hazard potential in the California Cascades. Martin, R. C. & Davis, J. F. (Eds.) , Special Publication , 63, p. 41-59.

Miller, C. D. (1980). Potential hazards from future eruptions in the vicinity of Mount Shasta Volcano, Northern California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1503, 43 p.

Salton Buttes

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Ubehebe Craters

White, M. N., Ramsey, D. W. & Miller, C. D. (2011). Database for potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Data Series , 661

Miller, C. D. (1989). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in California. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1847, 17 p.

Hawaii

Haleakala

Sherrod, D.R., Hagstrum, J.T., McGeehin, J.P., Champion, D.E., Trusdell, F.A. (2005). Distribution, ¹⁴C chronology, and paleomagnetism of latest Pleistocene and Holocene lava flows at Haleakala volcano, Island of Maui, Hawai'i: A revision of lava flow hazard zones. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth,

Klein, F. W., Frankel, A. D., Mueller, R. L., Wesson, R. L. & Okubo, P. G. (2000). Seismic-hazard maps for Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map , IMAP 2724, 8 maps; 2 sheets.

Crandell, D. R. (1983). Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions on the Island of Maui, Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map , I-1442, 1 plate.

Hualalai

Lee, R. G., Teixeira, E. S., Yanagi, B. S., Chock, G. & Sgambelluri, M. (2005). Earthquake hazards and estimated losses in the County of Hawai‘i. Ogata-Deal, A. (Ed.) , , 32 p.

Wright, T. L., Chun, J. Y., Exposo, J., Heliker, C. C., Hodge, J., Lockwood, J. P. & Vogt, S. M. (1992). Map showing lava-flow hazard zones, Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map , MF-2193, 1 plate.

Heliker, C. C. (1990). Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 48 p.

Kilauea

Preliminary Analysis of Hazards at the Kamokuna Ocean Entry: Cooperator Report to the U.S. Coast Guard (2017). U.S. Geological Survey. , 15 p.

Lee, R. G., Teixeira, E. S., Yanagi, B. S., Chock, G. & Sgambelluri, M. (2005). Earthquake hazards and estimated losses in the County of Hawai‘i. Ogata-Deal, A. (Ed.) , , 32 p.

Heliker, C. C. (1990). Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 48 p.

Mullineaux, D. R., Peterson, D. W. & Crandell, D. R. (1987). Volcanic hazards in the Hawaiian Islands. Decker, R. W., Wright, T. L. & Stauffer, P. H. (Eds.) , U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1350, p. 599-621.

Mauna Kea

Lee, R. G., Teixeira, E. S., Yanagi, B. S., Chock, G. & Sgambelluri, M. (2005). Earthquake hazards and estimated losses in the County of Hawai‘i. Ogata-Deal, A. (Ed.) , , 32 p.

Heliker, C. C. (1990). Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 48 p.

Mauna Loa

Lee, R. G., Teixeira, E. S., Yanagi, B. S., Chock, G. & Sgambelluri, M. (2005). Earthquake hazards and estimated losses in the County of Hawai‘i. Ogata-Deal, A. (Ed.) , , 32 p.

Kauahikaua, J. P., Margriter, S., Lockwood, J. P. & Trusdell, F. A. (1995). Applications of GIS to the estimation of lava flow hazards on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai`i. Rhodes, J. M. & Lockwood, J. P. (Eds.) , Geophysical Monograph Series , 92, p. 315-325.

Trusdell, F. A. (1995). Lava flow hazards and risk assessment on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai`i. Rhodes, J. M. & Lockwood, J. P. (Eds.) , Geophysical Monograph Series , 92, p. 327-336. doi:10.1029/GM092

Heliker, C. C. (1990). Volcanic and seismic hazards on the Island of Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product , 48 p.

Oregon

Crater Lake

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Bacon, C. R., Mastin, L. G., Scott, K. & Nathenson, M. (2008). Digital data for volcano hazards in the Crater Lake region, Oregon (data to accompany USGS Open-File Report 97-487). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2007-1223

Bacon, C.R., Lanphere, M.A., Champion, D.E. (1999). Late Quaternary slip rate and seismic hazards of the West Klamath Lake fault zone near Crater Lake, Oregon Cascades. Geology, 27(1), 43-46.

Bacon, C. R., Mastin, L. G., Scott, K. & Nathenson, M. (1997). Volcano and earthquake hazards in the Crater Lake region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 97-487, 32 p.

Mount Hood

Scott, W.E., Gardner, C.A. (2017). Field-trip guide to Mount Hood, Oregon, highlighting eruptive history and hazards. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2017-5022-G.

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Scott, W. E., Pierson, T., Costa, J., Gardner, C., Vallance, J. W. & Major, J. (2008). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards of the Mount Hood Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2007-1222

Scott, W. E., Pierson, T., Schilling, S. P., Costa, J., Gardner, C., Vallance, J. W. & Major, J. (1997). Volcano hazards in the Mount Hood region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 97-89, 14 p.

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 87-297, 196 p.

Crandell, D. R. (1980). Recent eruptive history of Mount Hood, Oregon, and potential hazards from future eruptions. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1492, 81 p.

Mount Jefferson

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Walder, J. S., Gardner, C., Conrey, R. M. & Fisher, B. J. (2007). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards in the Mount Jefferson Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 1224

Walder, J. S., Gardner, C., Conrey, R. M., Fisher, B. J. & Schilling, S. P. (2000). Volcano Hazards in the Mount Jefferson Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 99-24, 14 p., 2 plates.

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 87-297, 196 p.

Newberry

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Sherrod, D. R., Mastin, L. G. & Scott, W. E. (2008). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards at Newberry Volcano, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2007-1225

Sherrod, D. R., Mastin, L. G., Scott, W. E. & Schilling, S. P. (1997). Volcano hazards at Newberry Volcano, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 97-513, 14 pp.

Three Sisters

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Scott, W. E. & Iverson, R. (2008). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards of the Three Sisters Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2007-1221

Scott, W. E., Iverson, R., Schilling, S. P. & Fisher, B. J. (2001). Volcano Hazards in the Three Sisters Region, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 99-437, 14 p.

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 87-297, 196 p.

Washington

Glacier Peak

Diefenbach, A.K., Wood, N.J., Ewert, J.W. (2015) Variations in community exposure to lahar hazards from multiple volcanoes in Washington State (USA). Journal of Applied Volcanology, 4(4).

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanoes, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 96-178

Waitt, R., Mastin, L. G. & Beget, J. E. (1995). Volcanic-hazard zonation for Glacier Peak Volcano, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 95-499, 9 p., 1 plate.

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 87-297, 196 p.

Beget, J. E. (1982). Postglacial Volcanic Deposits at Glacier Peak, Washington, and Potential Hazards from Future Eruptions. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 82-830, 81 p.

Mount Adams

Griswold, J. P., Pierson, T. & Bard, J. A. (2018). Modeled inundation limits of potential lahars from Mount Adams in the White Salmon River Valley, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2018-1013, 14 p.

Diefenbach, A.K., Wood, N.J., Ewert, J.W. (2015) Variations in community exposure to lahar hazards from multiple volcanoes in Washington State (USA). Journal of Applied Volcanology, 4(4).

Vallance, J. W. (1999). Postglacial lahars and potential hazards in the White Salmon River system on the southwest flank of Mount Adams, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 2161, 49 p.

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanoes, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 96-178

Scott, W. E., Iverson, R., Vallance, J. W. & Hildreth, W. (1995). Volcano hazards in the Mount Adams region, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 95-492

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 87-297, 196 p.

Mount Baker

Finn, C.A., Deszcz-Pan, M., Ball, J.L., Bloss, B.J., Minsley, B.J. (2018) Three-dimensional geophysical mapping of shallow water saturated altered rocks at Mount Baker, Washington: Implications for slope stability. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 357, p. 261-275.

Diefenbach, A.K., Wood, N.J., Ewert, J.W. (2015) Variations in community exposure to lahar hazards from multiple volcanoes in Washington State (USA). Journal of Applied Volcanology, 4(4).

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanoes, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 96-178

Gardner, C., Scott, K., Miller, C. D., Myers, B., Hildreth, W. & Pringle, P. T. (1995). Potential volcanic hazards from future activity of Mount Baker, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 95-498, 16 p.

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 87-297, 196 p.

Hyde, J. & Crandell, D. R. (1978). Postglacial volcanic deposits at Mount Baker, Washington, and potential hazards from future eruptions. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1022-C, C1-C17.

Mount Rainier

Diefenbach, A.K., Wood, N.J., Ewert, J.W. (2015) Variations in community exposure to lahar hazards from multiple volcanoes in Washington State (USA). Journal of Applied Volcanology, 4(4).

Wood, N.J., Soulard, C.E. (2009) Community exposure to lahar hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2009-5211, 27 p.

Schilling, S. P., Doelger, S., Hoblitt, R. P., Walder, J. S., Driedger, C., Scott, K., Pringle, P. T. & Vallance, J. W. (2008). Digital Data for Volcano Hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington, Revised 1998. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2007-1220

Vallance, J. W., Cunico, M. L. & Schilling, S. P. (2003). Debris-flow hazards caused by hydrologic events at Mount Rainier, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 03-368, 4 p., 2 plates.

Hoblitt, R. P., Walder, J. S., Driedger, C., Scott, K., Pringle, P. T. & Vallance, J. W. (1998). Volcano Hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington, Revised 1998. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 83-541, 11 p.

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanoes, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 96-178

Mount Rainier—Active Cascade Volcano. National Academy of Sciences (1994). National Research Council., 113 p.

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 87-297, 196 p.

Crandell, D. R. (1973). Map showing potential hazards from future eruptions of Mount Rainier, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Numbered Series, IMAP 836, 1 plate.

Crandell, D. R. & Mullineaux, D. R. (1967). Volcanic hazards at Mount Rainier, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 1238, 22 pp.

Mount St. Helens

Mastin, L.G., Van Eaton, A.R., Schwaiger H.F. (2020) A Probabilistic Assessment of Tephra-Fall Hazards at Hanford, Washington, From a Future Eruption of Mount St. Helens. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 2020-1133, 54 p.

Schilling, S. P. (1996). Digital data set of volcano hazards for active Cascade Volcanoes, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 96-178

Wolfe, E. W. & Pierson, T. (1995). Volcanic-hazard zonation for Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1995. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 95-497, 12 p.

Pallister, J. S., Hoblitt, R. P., Crandell, D. R. & Mullineaux, D. R. (1992). Mount St. Helens a decade after the 1980 eruptions: magmatic models, chemical cycles, and a revised hazards assessment. Bulletin of Volcanology , 54, p.126-146.

Hoblitt, R. P., Miller, C. D. & Scott, W. E. (1987). Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 87-297, 196 p.

Newhall, C. G. (1984). Semi-quantitative assessment of changing volcanic risk at Mount St. Helens, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 84-272, 30 p.

Newhall, C. G. (1982). A method for estimating intermediate- and long-term risks from volcanic activity, with an example from Mount St. Helens, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 82-396, 59 p.

Miller, C. D., Mullineaux, D. R. & Crandell, D. R. (1981). Hazards assessments at Mount St. Helens. Lipman, P. W. & Mullineaux, D. R. (Eds.) , U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper , 1250, p. 789-802.

Mason, K. R., Grant, L. & Furlow, E. (1980). The Economic Effects of the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens., USITC Publication 1096, 83 pp.

Crandell, D. R. & Mullineaux, D. R. (1978). Potential Hazards from Future Eruptions of Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin , 1383-C, 26 p.

Wyoming

Yellowstone

Christiansen, R. L., Lowenstern, J. B., Smith, R. B., Heasler, H., Morgan, L. A., Nathenson, M., Mastin, L. G., Muffler, L. P. & Robinson, J. E. (2007). Preliminary Assessment of Volcanic and Hydrothermal Hazards in Yellowstone National Park and Vicinity. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report , 2007-1071, 98 p.

Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (2014). Protocols for Geologic Hazards Response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1351, Version 2.0, 24 p.