Kittlitz’s Murrelets are often found in higher numbers near glaciers like the Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Black Rapids Glacier
Black Rapids Glacier
Columbia Glacier
Columbia Glacier
Hubbard Glacier
Hubbard Glacier
Black Rapids, Columbia and Hubbard glaciers are also researched by the USGS.
Return to Glaciers and Climate Project
Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska
Black Rapids Glacier is a surge-type glacier which most recently surged in 1936-37 and is currently in its quiescent phase. While many glaciers in Alaska exhibit reoccurring surge behavior, this glacier is of special interest because it is a potential hazard to the trans-Alaska oil pipeline.
USGS studied Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska from 1970 to 1992 with observations of mass balance, ice velocity, glacier surface altitude, and ice thickness. Ten sites on the glacier were monitored from 1972 to 1987, and three sites were monitored from 1988 to 1992.
More recently, study of Black Rapids Glacier has been continued by the University of Alaska.
On November 3, 2002, the M7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake caused several massive avalanches onto Black Rapids Glacier. Three rock falls from the south wall of the Black Rapids Glacier covered about 13 km of the ablation area or about 5% of the total glacier area.
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Columbia Glacier, Alaska
Columbia Glacier is a large (1,100 square kilometers), multi-branched calving glacier in south central Alaska that flows mostly south out of the Chugach Mountains to its tidewater termination in Prince William Sound. Prior to 1980, it had a long history of stability, with a length of 66 kilometers (41 miles), and small, short-lived advances or retreats. From 1957-74, the lower ablation area maintained its altitude within a few meters, which suggests that the glacier was in climatic equilibrium for at least 2 decades. During the early part of the 1980 decade, it began a rapid retreat. By 1995, it was only about 57 kilometers long and by late 2000, about 54 kilometers long with no indication that the retreat would stop soon. Though perhaps triggered by climate fluctuations, this major glacier retreat once initiated, has progressed due to the nature of the calving glacier cycle with little concern for the climate. Ongoing research at Columbia Glacier aims to understand the dynamics of glacier calving, estimate ice thickness, and calculate mass balance of this rapidly changing glacier.
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska
Hubbard Glacier is the largest tidewater glacier on the North American continent. It has been thickening and advancing toward the Gulf of Alaska since it was first mapped by the International Boundary Commission in 1895 (Davidson, 1903). This is in stark contrast with most glaciers, which have thinned and retreated during the last century. This atypical behavior is an important example of the calving glacier cycle in which glacier advance and retreat is controlled more by the mechanics of terminus calving than by climate fluctuations. If Hubbard Glacier continues to advance, it will close the seaward entrance of Russell Fiord and create the largest glacier-dammed lake on the North American continent in historic times as it has done in 1986 and 2002. The Slow Advance of a Calving Glacier: Hubbard Glacier, AK is a summary of growth and advance measurements of Hubbard Glacier as presented at the International Glaciological Society symposium on Fast Glacier Flow held in Yakutat, Alaska, June 10-14, 2002. Hubbard Glacier remains an ongoing study of calving glacier dynamics for the scientific community.
Hubbard Glacier creates dam on Russell Fiord
In 2002 the advancing terminus of Hubbard Glacier created a glacier lake dam which turned Russell Fiord in to a lake for about two and a half months. Rising water in the newly formed lake altered local hydrology and was a threat to nearby communities. During the two and a half months that the channel was dammed, Russell Lake rose 61 feet. In 1986 a similar scenario resulted when the glacier caused dam raised the lake level 84 feet over the course of five months. Erosion from water eventually carved a new outlet channel and restored the fiord to its previous elevation in both cases. In 2002 the rising level of Russell Lake was recorded by a stage recorder installed on June 23, 2002 at Marble Point in Russell Lake (about 4.5 miles south east from the near-closure site). Output from USGS station #15130000 shows the 2002 lake rise and outburst.
Glaciers and Climate Project
Mountain glaciers are dynamic reservoirs of frozen water closely coupled to ecosystems and climate. Glacier change in North America has major socioeconomic impacts, including global sea level change, tourism disruption, natural hazard risk, fishery effects, and water resource alteration. Understanding and quantifying precise connections between glaciers and climate is critical to decision makers...
South Cascade Glacier
South Cascade Glacier is located in the midlatitude maritime climate of the North Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Glacier observations began at this site in 1958.
Lemon Creek Glacier
Lemon Creek Glacier is located in the high-latitude maritime region of Alaska, at the southernmost tip of the Juneau Icefield. Glacier observations began at this site in 1953.
Gulkana Glacier
Gulkana Glacier is located in the high-latitude continental climate regime of Alaska’s Delta Mountains. Glacier observations began at this site in 1966.
Wolverine Glacier
Wolverine Glacier is located in the high-latitude maritime climate regime of Alaska’s Kenai Mountains. Glacier observations began at this site in 1966.
Sperry Glacier
Sperry Glacier is located along the Continental Divide within Glacier National Park, Montana. It represents the midlatitude continental or transitional climate. Glacier observations began at this site in 2005.
Mass Balance Summary
The USGS Benchmark Glacier Project measures changes in mass balance at five benchmark glaciers: Gulkana (AK), Wolverine (AK), Lemon Creek (AK), South Cascade (WA), and Sperry (MT).
Mass Balance Methods - Measuring Glacier Change
Nearly all Earth's alpine glaciers are losing ice, usually expressed as loss of mass. Rates of mass loss for North American glaciers are among the highest on Earth (Gardner, 2013) and shrinking glaciers are often the most visible indicators of mountain ecosystems responding to climate change.
Columbia Glacier
Kittlitz’s Murrelets are often found in higher numbers near glaciers like the Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Columbia Glacer in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
Columbia Glacer in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
Columbia Glacier Terminus
View of Columbia Glacier's terminus as it enters the waters of Prince William Sound. Columbia Glacier is one of Alaska's many tidewater glaciers, and it has been the focus of numerous studies due to its unusually high rate of retreat. The glacier has retreated nearly 20 km (12.43 mi) since 1980.
View of Columbia Glacier's terminus as it enters the waters of Prince William Sound. Columbia Glacier is one of Alaska's many tidewater glaciers, and it has been the focus of numerous studies due to its unusually high rate of retreat. The glacier has retreated nearly 20 km (12.43 mi) since 1980.
Photographer Overlooking Columbia Glacier
Photographer Tad Pfeffer capturing images of Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska. He is looking down-glacier towards the ice front, which faces open water in the fjord. This open water is extremely rare, and has not happened again since 2005. The fjord is typically covered with iceberg debris, called mélange.
Photographer Tad Pfeffer capturing images of Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska. He is looking down-glacier towards the ice front, which faces open water in the fjord. This open water is extremely rare, and has not happened again since 2005. The fjord is typically covered with iceberg debris, called mélange.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
Right step in Denali fault trace on Black Rapids Glacier caused extension of the glacier. Landslide debris in background.
Right step in Denali fault trace on Black Rapids Glacier caused extension of the glacier. Landslide debris in background.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
View eastward along Black Rapids Glacier. The Denali fault follows the trace of the glacier. These very large rockslides went a mile across the glacier on the right side. Investigations of the headwall of the middle landslide indicate a volume at least as large as that which fell, has dropped a meter or two and is almost ready to fall.
View eastward along Black Rapids Glacier. The Denali fault follows the trace of the glacier. These very large rockslides went a mile across the glacier on the right side. Investigations of the headwall of the middle landslide indicate a volume at least as large as that which fell, has dropped a meter or two and is almost ready to fall.
Black Rapids, Columbia and Hubbard glaciers are also researched by the USGS.
Return to Glaciers and Climate Project
Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska
Black Rapids Glacier is a surge-type glacier which most recently surged in 1936-37 and is currently in its quiescent phase. While many glaciers in Alaska exhibit reoccurring surge behavior, this glacier is of special interest because it is a potential hazard to the trans-Alaska oil pipeline.
USGS studied Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska from 1970 to 1992 with observations of mass balance, ice velocity, glacier surface altitude, and ice thickness. Ten sites on the glacier were monitored from 1972 to 1987, and three sites were monitored from 1988 to 1992.
More recently, study of Black Rapids Glacier has been continued by the University of Alaska.
On November 3, 2002, the M7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake caused several massive avalanches onto Black Rapids Glacier. Three rock falls from the south wall of the Black Rapids Glacier covered about 13 km of the ablation area or about 5% of the total glacier area.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Columbia Glacier, Alaska
Columbia Glacier is a large (1,100 square kilometers), multi-branched calving glacier in south central Alaska that flows mostly south out of the Chugach Mountains to its tidewater termination in Prince William Sound. Prior to 1980, it had a long history of stability, with a length of 66 kilometers (41 miles), and small, short-lived advances or retreats. From 1957-74, the lower ablation area maintained its altitude within a few meters, which suggests that the glacier was in climatic equilibrium for at least 2 decades. During the early part of the 1980 decade, it began a rapid retreat. By 1995, it was only about 57 kilometers long and by late 2000, about 54 kilometers long with no indication that the retreat would stop soon. Though perhaps triggered by climate fluctuations, this major glacier retreat once initiated, has progressed due to the nature of the calving glacier cycle with little concern for the climate. Ongoing research at Columbia Glacier aims to understand the dynamics of glacier calving, estimate ice thickness, and calculate mass balance of this rapidly changing glacier.
Hubbard Glacier, Alaska
Hubbard Glacier is the largest tidewater glacier on the North American continent. It has been thickening and advancing toward the Gulf of Alaska since it was first mapped by the International Boundary Commission in 1895 (Davidson, 1903). This is in stark contrast with most glaciers, which have thinned and retreated during the last century. This atypical behavior is an important example of the calving glacier cycle in which glacier advance and retreat is controlled more by the mechanics of terminus calving than by climate fluctuations. If Hubbard Glacier continues to advance, it will close the seaward entrance of Russell Fiord and create the largest glacier-dammed lake on the North American continent in historic times as it has done in 1986 and 2002. The Slow Advance of a Calving Glacier: Hubbard Glacier, AK is a summary of growth and advance measurements of Hubbard Glacier as presented at the International Glaciological Society symposium on Fast Glacier Flow held in Yakutat, Alaska, June 10-14, 2002. Hubbard Glacier remains an ongoing study of calving glacier dynamics for the scientific community.
Hubbard Glacier creates dam on Russell Fiord
In 2002 the advancing terminus of Hubbard Glacier created a glacier lake dam which turned Russell Fiord in to a lake for about two and a half months. Rising water in the newly formed lake altered local hydrology and was a threat to nearby communities. During the two and a half months that the channel was dammed, Russell Lake rose 61 feet. In 1986 a similar scenario resulted when the glacier caused dam raised the lake level 84 feet over the course of five months. Erosion from water eventually carved a new outlet channel and restored the fiord to its previous elevation in both cases. In 2002 the rising level of Russell Lake was recorded by a stage recorder installed on June 23, 2002 at Marble Point in Russell Lake (about 4.5 miles south east from the near-closure site). Output from USGS station #15130000 shows the 2002 lake rise and outburst.
Glaciers and Climate Project
Mountain glaciers are dynamic reservoirs of frozen water closely coupled to ecosystems and climate. Glacier change in North America has major socioeconomic impacts, including global sea level change, tourism disruption, natural hazard risk, fishery effects, and water resource alteration. Understanding and quantifying precise connections between glaciers and climate is critical to decision makers...
South Cascade Glacier
South Cascade Glacier is located in the midlatitude maritime climate of the North Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Glacier observations began at this site in 1958.
Lemon Creek Glacier
Lemon Creek Glacier is located in the high-latitude maritime region of Alaska, at the southernmost tip of the Juneau Icefield. Glacier observations began at this site in 1953.
Gulkana Glacier
Gulkana Glacier is located in the high-latitude continental climate regime of Alaska’s Delta Mountains. Glacier observations began at this site in 1966.
Wolverine Glacier
Wolverine Glacier is located in the high-latitude maritime climate regime of Alaska’s Kenai Mountains. Glacier observations began at this site in 1966.
Sperry Glacier
Sperry Glacier is located along the Continental Divide within Glacier National Park, Montana. It represents the midlatitude continental or transitional climate. Glacier observations began at this site in 2005.
Mass Balance Summary
The USGS Benchmark Glacier Project measures changes in mass balance at five benchmark glaciers: Gulkana (AK), Wolverine (AK), Lemon Creek (AK), South Cascade (WA), and Sperry (MT).
Mass Balance Methods - Measuring Glacier Change
Nearly all Earth's alpine glaciers are losing ice, usually expressed as loss of mass. Rates of mass loss for North American glaciers are among the highest on Earth (Gardner, 2013) and shrinking glaciers are often the most visible indicators of mountain ecosystems responding to climate change.
Columbia Glacier
Kittlitz’s Murrelets are often found in higher numbers near glaciers like the Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Kittlitz’s Murrelets are often found in higher numbers near glaciers like the Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska
Columbia Glacer in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
Columbia Glacer in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
Columbia Glacier Terminus
View of Columbia Glacier's terminus as it enters the waters of Prince William Sound. Columbia Glacier is one of Alaska's many tidewater glaciers, and it has been the focus of numerous studies due to its unusually high rate of retreat. The glacier has retreated nearly 20 km (12.43 mi) since 1980.
View of Columbia Glacier's terminus as it enters the waters of Prince William Sound. Columbia Glacier is one of Alaska's many tidewater glaciers, and it has been the focus of numerous studies due to its unusually high rate of retreat. The glacier has retreated nearly 20 km (12.43 mi) since 1980.
Photographer Overlooking Columbia Glacier
Photographer Tad Pfeffer capturing images of Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska. He is looking down-glacier towards the ice front, which faces open water in the fjord. This open water is extremely rare, and has not happened again since 2005. The fjord is typically covered with iceberg debris, called mélange.
Photographer Tad Pfeffer capturing images of Columbia Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska. He is looking down-glacier towards the ice front, which faces open water in the fjord. This open water is extremely rare, and has not happened again since 2005. The fjord is typically covered with iceberg debris, called mélange.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
Right step in Denali fault trace on Black Rapids Glacier caused extension of the glacier. Landslide debris in background.
Right step in Denali fault trace on Black Rapids Glacier caused extension of the glacier. Landslide debris in background.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
View westward up Black Rapids Glacier at large landslides.
Denali Fault: Black Rapids Glacier
View eastward along Black Rapids Glacier. The Denali fault follows the trace of the glacier. These very large rockslides went a mile across the glacier on the right side. Investigations of the headwall of the middle landslide indicate a volume at least as large as that which fell, has dropped a meter or two and is almost ready to fall.
View eastward along Black Rapids Glacier. The Denali fault follows the trace of the glacier. These very large rockslides went a mile across the glacier on the right side. Investigations of the headwall of the middle landslide indicate a volume at least as large as that which fell, has dropped a meter or two and is almost ready to fall.