Martha Nielsen is a Hydrologist with the Upper Midwest Water Science Center.
Science and Products
New England Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. A summary for New England is presented on this web page. Issue Comprehensive water-use data analysis is needed to quantify the stress on existing supplies, particularly...
Connecticut Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Connecticut from different sources (groundwater and surface water...
Maine Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. A summary for Maine is presented on this web page. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Maine from...
New Hampshire Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in New Hampshire from different sources (groundwater and surface water in both fresh and saline settings) as a part of the national effort...
Rhode Island Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Rhode Island from different sources (groundwater and surface water in both fresh and saline settings) as a part of the national effort....
Massachusetts Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Massachusetts from different sources (groundwater and surface...
Vermont Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Vermont from different sources (groundwater and surface water in...
Recharge Estimates for Maine: 25-year Average, Range, and Uncertainty, 1990-2015
The USGS Soil-Water-Balance model (SWB) has been used to estimate potential recharge across the State of Maine. The average and range (minimum and maximum) of annual recharge were estimated for the 25-year period from 1990 to 2015. Datasets of estimated recharge and the modeled uncertainty in the recharge estimates are available for download.
Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model archive used to simulate potential annual recharge for the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant study area, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, 1980 to 2020
This model archive makes available the U.S. Geological Survey Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model created in support of a groundwater flow model of the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant in Sauk County, Wisconsin. The SWB model provides initial estimates of potential recharge to the groundwater system in the study area, which are used in a calibrated 3-dimensional MODFLOW (modular finite-difference fl
Upper Midwest Water Science Center Groundwater Model Archive Index v1.0 2023
This vector geospatial dataset contains bounding polygons that visualize the domain of archived groundwater flow models published by the Upper Midwest Water Science Center and attributes pertaining to the associated publication (citation, year of publication, authors, report ID, publication URL), model construction details, and a URL for publicly available model archives when available or a direct
OFR 2021-1008 MODEL ARCHIVE: Soil-Water-Balance model developed to simulate net infiltration and irrigation water use for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 1915 to 2018
This model archive makes available the calibrated Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model used to simulate potential recharge for the Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer for 1915 to 2018. The model was calibrated using monthly values of evapotranspiration and annual values of runoff and recharge for 19 drainage basins selected from within or nearby the Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer system. The calibrated SWB model
OFR 2021-1008 MODEL OUTPUT: Soil-Water-Balance net infiltration and irrigation water use output datasets for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 1915 to 2018
This data release includes four sets of gridded annual net infiltration (groundwater recharge) and irrigation water use data sets for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System (MERAS).Also included are gridded water balance component data sets of precipitation, runoff, actual evapotranspiration, and soil-water storage for 2000 to 2018. The net infiltration, irrigation, runoff, actual evapo
Estimated Groundwater Withdrawals from Principal Aquifers in the United States--County Level Data for 2015
This dataset contains estimates of water withdrawals from 66 principal aquifers and "other" non-principal aquifers during 2015 for various categories of use in each county or county equivalent in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water Use Science Project is responsible for compiling and disseminating the Nation's water-use da
Simulated 25-year potential annual recharge datasets for Maine, 1991-2015
This set of data includes four potential annual recharge grids for the State of Maine that were simulated using the Maine Soil-Water-Balance model for 1991 through 2015. The files include a grid representing the uncertainty in the potential recharge and a grid showing the annual average precipitation from the climate dataset that the simulation is based on. A 25-year simulation of potential rechar
Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model archive used to simulate potential annual recharge in Maine, 1991-2015
This set of data includes four potential annual recharge grids for the State of Maine that were simulated using the Maine Soil-Water-Balance model for 1991 through 2015. The files include a grid representing the uncertainty in the potential recharge and a grid showing the annual average precipitation from the climate dataset that the simulation is based on. A 25-year simulation of potential rechar
Data related to the degree of potential human influence near 2228 groundwater wells in the U.S. glacial aquifer system
This dataset contains information on the degree of potential human influence near 2228 groundwater wells in the U.S. glacial aquifer system. Data include well identification, name, latitude, longitude, potential-human-influence category, percent urban and crop land use in a 500 meter radius around each well, and measures of county-based groundwater use and irrigation.
Filter Total Items: 23
Simulation of groundwater flow at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin
To help support remedial efforts at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant the U.S. Geological Survey built and calibrated a transient groundwater flow model using the Newton Raphson formulation (MODFLOW–NWT) of the U.S. Geological Survey’s modular three-dimensional finite-difference code. The model simulates the groundwater flow system at the site from 1984 to 2020. The former Badger Army Ammuni
Authors
Megan J. Haserodt, Howard W. Reeves, Martha G. Nielsen, Laura A. Schachter, Nicholas T. Corson-Dosch, Daniel T. Feinstein
Initial estimates of net infiltration and irrigation from a soil-water-balance model of the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study Area
The Mississippi embayment encompasses about 100,000 square miles and covers parts of eight States. In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey began updating previous work for a part of the embayment known as the Mississippi Alluvial Plain to support informed water use and agricultural policy in the region. Groundwater, water use, economic, and other related models are being combined with field surveys an
Authors
Stephen, M. Westenbroek, Martha G. Nielsen, David E. Ladd
Estimated groundwater withdrawals from principal aquifers in the United States, 2015
In 2015, about 84,600 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of groundwater were withdrawn in the United States for various uses including public supply, self-supplied domestic, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power, aquaculture, livestock, and irrigation. Of this total, about 94 percent (79,200 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from principal aquifers, which are defined as regionally extensive aquifers or aquif
Authors
John K. Lovelace, Martha G. Nielsen, Amy L. Read, Chid J. Murphy, Molly A. Maupin
Groundwater recharge estimates for Maine using a Soil-Water-Balance model—25-year average, range, and uncertainty, 1991 to 2015
To address the lack of information on the spatial and temporal variability of recharge to groundwater systems in Maine, a study was initiated in cooperation with the Maine Geological Survey to use the U.S. Geological Survey Soil-Water-Balance model to evaluate annual average potential recharge across the State over a 25-year period from 1991 to 2015. The Maine Soil-Water-Balance model was calibrat
Authors
Martha G. Nielsen, Stephen M. Westenbroek
The Connecticut Streamflow and Sustainable Water Use Estimator—A decision-support tool to estimate water availability at ungaged stream locations in Connecticut
Freshwater streams in Connecticut are subject to many competing demands, including public water supply; agricultural, commercial, and industrial water use; and ecosystem and habitat needs. In recent years, drought has further stressed Connecticut’s water resources. To sustainably allocate and manage water resources among these competing uses, Federal, State, and local water-resource managers requi
Authors
Sara B. Levin, Scott A. Olson, Martha G. Nielsen, Gregory E. Granato
Groundwater-level trends in the U.S. glacial aquifer system, 1964-2013
The glacial aquifer system in the United States is a major source of water supply but previous work on historical groundwater trends across the system is lacking. Trends in annual minimum, mean, and maximum groundwater levels for 205 monitoring wells were analyzed across three regions of the system (East, Central, West Central) for four time periods: 1964-2013, 1974-2013, 1984-2013, and 1994-2013.
Authors
Glenn A. Hodgkins, Robert W. Dudley, Martha G. Nielsen, Benjamin Renard, Sharon L. Qi
Simulation of groundwater flow and streamflow depletion in the Branch Brook, Merriland River, and parts of the Mousam River watersheds in southern Maine
Watersheds of three streams, the Mousam River, Branch Brook, and Merriland River in southeastern Maine were investigated from 2010 through 2013 under a cooperative project between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Maine Geological Survey. The Branch Brook watershed previously had been deemed “at risk” by the Maine Geological Survey because of the proportionally large water withdrawals compared to
Authors
Martha G. Nielsen, Daniel B. Locke
Flow and sorption controls of groundwater arsenic in individual boreholes from bedrock aquifers in central Maine, USA
To understand the hydrogeochemical processes regulating well water arsenic (As) evolution in fractured bedrock aquifers, three domestic wells with [As] up to 478 μg/L are investigated in central Maine. Geophysical logging reveals that fractures near the borehole bottom contribute 70-100% of flow. Borehole and fracture water samples from various depths show significant proportions of As (up to 69%)
Authors
Qiang Yang, Charles W. Culbertson, Martha G. Nielsen, Charles W. Schalk, Carole D. Johnson, Robert G. Marvinney, Martin Stute, Yan Zheng
Changes in nitrogen loading to the Northeast Creek Estuary, Bar Harbor, Maine, 2000 to 2010
Since 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service have been monitoring land use and nitrogen loading in a 26.3-square-kilometer (10-square-mile) estuarine watershed at Acadia National Park, Mount Desert Island, Maine. The initial study linking land use and nitrogen loads entering the Northeast Creek estuary was completed in 2000, and findings were used to develop simulations of
Authors
Martha G. Nielsen
High-water marks from tropical storm Irene for selected river reaches in northwestern Massachusetts, August 2011
A Presidential Disaster Declaration was issued for Massachusetts, with a focus on the northwestern counties, following flooding from tropical storm Irene on August 28–29, 2011. Three to 10 inches of rain fell during the storm on soils that were susceptible to flash flooding because of wet antecedent conditions. The gage height at one U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgage rose nearly 20 feet in
Authors
Gardner C. Bent, Laura Medalie, Martha G. Nielsen
Estimates of future inundation of salt marshes in response to sea-level rise in and around Acadia National Park, Maine
Salt marshes are ecosystems that provide many important ecological functions in the Gulf of Maine. The U.S. Geological Survey investigated salt marshes in and around Acadia National Park from Penobscot Bay to the Schoodic Peninsula to map the potential for landward migration of marshes using a static inundation model of a sea-level rise scenario of 60 centimeters (cm; 2 feet). The resulting inunda
Authors
Martha G. Nielsen, Robert W. Dudley
Simulation of groundwater conditions and streamflow depletion to evaluate water availability in a Freeport, Maine, watershed
In order to evaluate water availability in the State of Maine, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Maine Geological Survey began a cooperative investigation to provide the first rigorous evaluation of watersheds deemed "at risk" because of the combination of instream flow requirements and proportionally large water withdrawals. The study area for this investigation includes the Harvey and Me
Authors
Martha G. Nielsen, Daniel B. Locke
Science and Products
- Science
New England Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. A summary for New England is presented on this web page. Issue Comprehensive water-use data analysis is needed to quantify the stress on existing supplies, particularly...Connecticut Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Connecticut from different sources (groundwater and surface water...Maine Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. A summary for Maine is presented on this web page. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Maine from...New Hampshire Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in New Hampshire from different sources (groundwater and surface water in both fresh and saline settings) as a part of the national effort...Rhode Island Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Rhode Island from different sources (groundwater and surface water in both fresh and saline settings) as a part of the national effort....Massachusetts Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Massachusetts from different sources (groundwater and surface...Vermont Water Use
Background The U.S. Geological Survey has compiled the Nation's water-use data at the county, State, and national levels every 5 years between 1950 and 2015. The most recent estimated water-use compilation was completed in 2015. - The New England Water Science Center (WSC) collected, reviewed, and aggregated water withdrawal data in Vermont from different sources (groundwater and surface water in...Recharge Estimates for Maine: 25-year Average, Range, and Uncertainty, 1990-2015
The USGS Soil-Water-Balance model (SWB) has been used to estimate potential recharge across the State of Maine. The average and range (minimum and maximum) of annual recharge were estimated for the 25-year period from 1990 to 2015. Datasets of estimated recharge and the modeled uncertainty in the recharge estimates are available for download. - Data
Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model archive used to simulate potential annual recharge for the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant study area, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, 1980 to 2020
This model archive makes available the U.S. Geological Survey Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model created in support of a groundwater flow model of the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant in Sauk County, Wisconsin. The SWB model provides initial estimates of potential recharge to the groundwater system in the study area, which are used in a calibrated 3-dimensional MODFLOW (modular finite-difference flUpper Midwest Water Science Center Groundwater Model Archive Index v1.0 2023
This vector geospatial dataset contains bounding polygons that visualize the domain of archived groundwater flow models published by the Upper Midwest Water Science Center and attributes pertaining to the associated publication (citation, year of publication, authors, report ID, publication URL), model construction details, and a URL for publicly available model archives when available or a directOFR 2021-1008 MODEL ARCHIVE: Soil-Water-Balance model developed to simulate net infiltration and irrigation water use for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 1915 to 2018
This model archive makes available the calibrated Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model used to simulate potential recharge for the Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer for 1915 to 2018. The model was calibrated using monthly values of evapotranspiration and annual values of runoff and recharge for 19 drainage basins selected from within or nearby the Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer system. The calibrated SWB modelOFR 2021-1008 MODEL OUTPUT: Soil-Water-Balance net infiltration and irrigation water use output datasets for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System, 1915 to 2018
This data release includes four sets of gridded annual net infiltration (groundwater recharge) and irrigation water use data sets for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System (MERAS).Also included are gridded water balance component data sets of precipitation, runoff, actual evapotranspiration, and soil-water storage for 2000 to 2018. The net infiltration, irrigation, runoff, actual evapoEstimated Groundwater Withdrawals from Principal Aquifers in the United States--County Level Data for 2015
This dataset contains estimates of water withdrawals from 66 principal aquifers and "other" non-principal aquifers during 2015 for various categories of use in each county or county equivalent in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water Use Science Project is responsible for compiling and disseminating the Nation's water-use daSimulated 25-year potential annual recharge datasets for Maine, 1991-2015
This set of data includes four potential annual recharge grids for the State of Maine that were simulated using the Maine Soil-Water-Balance model for 1991 through 2015. The files include a grid representing the uncertainty in the potential recharge and a grid showing the annual average precipitation from the climate dataset that the simulation is based on. A 25-year simulation of potential recharSoil-Water-Balance (SWB) model archive used to simulate potential annual recharge in Maine, 1991-2015
This set of data includes four potential annual recharge grids for the State of Maine that were simulated using the Maine Soil-Water-Balance model for 1991 through 2015. The files include a grid representing the uncertainty in the potential recharge and a grid showing the annual average precipitation from the climate dataset that the simulation is based on. A 25-year simulation of potential recharData related to the degree of potential human influence near 2228 groundwater wells in the U.S. glacial aquifer system
This dataset contains information on the degree of potential human influence near 2228 groundwater wells in the U.S. glacial aquifer system. Data include well identification, name, latitude, longitude, potential-human-influence category, percent urban and crop land use in a 500 meter radius around each well, and measures of county-based groundwater use and irrigation. - Publications
Filter Total Items: 23
Simulation of groundwater flow at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin
To help support remedial efforts at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant the U.S. Geological Survey built and calibrated a transient groundwater flow model using the Newton Raphson formulation (MODFLOW–NWT) of the U.S. Geological Survey’s modular three-dimensional finite-difference code. The model simulates the groundwater flow system at the site from 1984 to 2020. The former Badger Army AmmuniAuthorsMegan J. Haserodt, Howard W. Reeves, Martha G. Nielsen, Laura A. Schachter, Nicholas T. Corson-Dosch, Daniel T. FeinsteinInitial estimates of net infiltration and irrigation from a soil-water-balance model of the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study Area
The Mississippi embayment encompasses about 100,000 square miles and covers parts of eight States. In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey began updating previous work for a part of the embayment known as the Mississippi Alluvial Plain to support informed water use and agricultural policy in the region. Groundwater, water use, economic, and other related models are being combined with field surveys anAuthorsStephen, M. Westenbroek, Martha G. Nielsen, David E. LaddEstimated groundwater withdrawals from principal aquifers in the United States, 2015
In 2015, about 84,600 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of groundwater were withdrawn in the United States for various uses including public supply, self-supplied domestic, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power, aquaculture, livestock, and irrigation. Of this total, about 94 percent (79,200 Mgal/d) was withdrawn from principal aquifers, which are defined as regionally extensive aquifers or aquifAuthorsJohn K. Lovelace, Martha G. Nielsen, Amy L. Read, Chid J. Murphy, Molly A. MaupinGroundwater recharge estimates for Maine using a Soil-Water-Balance model—25-year average, range, and uncertainty, 1991 to 2015
To address the lack of information on the spatial and temporal variability of recharge to groundwater systems in Maine, a study was initiated in cooperation with the Maine Geological Survey to use the U.S. Geological Survey Soil-Water-Balance model to evaluate annual average potential recharge across the State over a 25-year period from 1991 to 2015. The Maine Soil-Water-Balance model was calibratAuthorsMartha G. Nielsen, Stephen M. WestenbroekThe Connecticut Streamflow and Sustainable Water Use Estimator—A decision-support tool to estimate water availability at ungaged stream locations in Connecticut
Freshwater streams in Connecticut are subject to many competing demands, including public water supply; agricultural, commercial, and industrial water use; and ecosystem and habitat needs. In recent years, drought has further stressed Connecticut’s water resources. To sustainably allocate and manage water resources among these competing uses, Federal, State, and local water-resource managers requiAuthorsSara B. Levin, Scott A. Olson, Martha G. Nielsen, Gregory E. GranatoGroundwater-level trends in the U.S. glacial aquifer system, 1964-2013
The glacial aquifer system in the United States is a major source of water supply but previous work on historical groundwater trends across the system is lacking. Trends in annual minimum, mean, and maximum groundwater levels for 205 monitoring wells were analyzed across three regions of the system (East, Central, West Central) for four time periods: 1964-2013, 1974-2013, 1984-2013, and 1994-2013.AuthorsGlenn A. Hodgkins, Robert W. Dudley, Martha G. Nielsen, Benjamin Renard, Sharon L. QiSimulation of groundwater flow and streamflow depletion in the Branch Brook, Merriland River, and parts of the Mousam River watersheds in southern Maine
Watersheds of three streams, the Mousam River, Branch Brook, and Merriland River in southeastern Maine were investigated from 2010 through 2013 under a cooperative project between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Maine Geological Survey. The Branch Brook watershed previously had been deemed “at risk” by the Maine Geological Survey because of the proportionally large water withdrawals compared toAuthorsMartha G. Nielsen, Daniel B. LockeFlow and sorption controls of groundwater arsenic in individual boreholes from bedrock aquifers in central Maine, USA
To understand the hydrogeochemical processes regulating well water arsenic (As) evolution in fractured bedrock aquifers, three domestic wells with [As] up to 478 μg/L are investigated in central Maine. Geophysical logging reveals that fractures near the borehole bottom contribute 70-100% of flow. Borehole and fracture water samples from various depths show significant proportions of As (up to 69%)AuthorsQiang Yang, Charles W. Culbertson, Martha G. Nielsen, Charles W. Schalk, Carole D. Johnson, Robert G. Marvinney, Martin Stute, Yan ZhengChanges in nitrogen loading to the Northeast Creek Estuary, Bar Harbor, Maine, 2000 to 2010
Since 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Park Service have been monitoring land use and nitrogen loading in a 26.3-square-kilometer (10-square-mile) estuarine watershed at Acadia National Park, Mount Desert Island, Maine. The initial study linking land use and nitrogen loads entering the Northeast Creek estuary was completed in 2000, and findings were used to develop simulations ofAuthorsMartha G. NielsenHigh-water marks from tropical storm Irene for selected river reaches in northwestern Massachusetts, August 2011
A Presidential Disaster Declaration was issued for Massachusetts, with a focus on the northwestern counties, following flooding from tropical storm Irene on August 28–29, 2011. Three to 10 inches of rain fell during the storm on soils that were susceptible to flash flooding because of wet antecedent conditions. The gage height at one U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamgage rose nearly 20 feet inAuthorsGardner C. Bent, Laura Medalie, Martha G. NielsenEstimates of future inundation of salt marshes in response to sea-level rise in and around Acadia National Park, Maine
Salt marshes are ecosystems that provide many important ecological functions in the Gulf of Maine. The U.S. Geological Survey investigated salt marshes in and around Acadia National Park from Penobscot Bay to the Schoodic Peninsula to map the potential for landward migration of marshes using a static inundation model of a sea-level rise scenario of 60 centimeters (cm; 2 feet). The resulting inundaAuthorsMartha G. Nielsen, Robert W. DudleySimulation of groundwater conditions and streamflow depletion to evaluate water availability in a Freeport, Maine, watershed
In order to evaluate water availability in the State of Maine, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Maine Geological Survey began a cooperative investigation to provide the first rigorous evaluation of watersheds deemed "at risk" because of the combination of instream flow requirements and proportionally large water withdrawals. The study area for this investigation includes the Harvey and MeAuthorsMartha G. Nielsen, Daniel B. Locke