Photomicrographs of the plagiopatagium from a Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) captured live in Wyoming, U.S.A. (A) Adult nematodes (asterisks) are present in the dermis. They are filled with larval nematodes (arrowhead). The overlying epidermis is hyperplastic (arrow). H&E stain.
Susan Knowles
Susan Knowles is a Wildlife Veterinary Pathologist at the National Wildlife Health Center.
She earned a Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine and completed a residency in veterinary pathology and earned a Doctorate in Veterinary Pathology from the University of Georgia. She is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists. She joined the Center in 2013 and her interests include wildlife, aquatic, invertebrate and toxicologic pathology, and pathogen discovery. Before joining the Center, she gained a variety of experience in and around her native Maryland, performing research on shortnose sturgeon, serving as a Veterinary Officer in the United States Public Health Service stationed at the National Institutes of Health, and working as a Natural Resources Biologist for the Maryland Department of Natural Resources where she was a member of the Fish and Wildlife Health Program and served as the Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Stranding Coordinator for the state.
Professional Experience
2013 – Present Wildlife Veterinary Pathologist, U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI
2006 – 2013 Resident of Anatomic and Aquatic Pathology and Graduate Assistant, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
2003 – 2003 Veterinary Officer, Junior COSTEP, United States Public Health Service, Rockville, MD stationed at NIH, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, Veterinary Pathology, Bethesda, MD
1996 – 2002 Natural Resources Biologist, Maryland Marine Mammal & Sea Turtle Stranding Coordinator, Fish and Wildlife Health Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, MD
1995 – 1996 Histology Technician, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, Oxford, MD
Education and Certifications
Ph.D. Veterinary Pathology, University of Georgia, 2013
D.V.M., Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, 2006
B.S. Biology, Bucknell University, 1995
Affiliations and Memberships*
Diplomate American College of Veterinary Pathologists
Science and Products
Necropsy & Pathology
The Necropsy and Pathology services are performed by board-certified veterinary pathologists and necropsy technical staff whose principal role is to determine the cause of death for animals submitted to the USGS National Wildlife Health Center.
Native Freshwater Mussel Health
Metabolomic analysis of pheasantshell mussel (Ortmanniana pectorosa; Order Unionida) from a mass mortality event in the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, USA
Paranannizziopsis spp. associated with skin lesions in wild snakes in North America and development of a real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of the fungus in clinical samples
Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2
A Novel Gonadotropic Microsporidian Parasite (Microsporidium clinchi n. sp.) Infecting a Declining Population of Pheasantshell Mussels (Actinonaias pectorosa) (Unioinidae) from the Clinch River, USA
Data from pathology of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2/b (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2) in native North American lagomorphs
Domoic acid and saxitoxin in seabirds from California and Rhode Island 2015-2017
Bayou Sauvage NWR (LA) Haul Trail Snake Mortality, 2015-2017
Necropsy reference number and summary collection information for Washington state population of northern sea otters examined during 1989-2010
Data Associated with Algal Toxin Testing of Seabirds from the Bering and Chukchi Seas, 2017
Occurrence of Chlamydia sp in apparently healthy birds associated with a mortality event caused by chlamydiosis: Data
Dataset: Mortality trends in the Washington population of northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) during 20022015
Natural infections with Pigeon Paramyxovirus-1: Pathologic changes in Eurasian collared-doves (Streptopelia decaocto) and rock pigeons (Columba livia) in the USA: Data
Photomicrographs of the plagiopatagium from a Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) captured live in Wyoming, U.S.A. (A) Adult nematodes (asterisks) are present in the dermis. They are filled with larval nematodes (arrowhead). The overlying epidermis is hyperplastic (arrow). H&E stain.
Photomicrographs from a Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) found dead in Missouri, U.S.A. (A) The glomerular mesangium (asterisk) is expanded by amorphous, eosinophilic, acellular material. H&E stain. (B) Tubules in medullary cones are often surrounded by amorphous, eosinophilic, acellular material. H&E stain.
Photomicrographs from a Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) found dead in Missouri, U.S.A. (A) The glomerular mesangium (asterisk) is expanded by amorphous, eosinophilic, acellular material. H&E stain. (B) Tubules in medullary cones are often surrounded by amorphous, eosinophilic, acellular material. H&E stain.
Photomicrographs from a Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) found dead in Ohio, U.S.A. H&E stains. (A) Longitudinal (arrow) and cross sections (arrowheads) of microfilariae in a pulmonary blood vessel. (B) Microfilariae (arrows) within a parabronchus. (C) Microfilaria (arrow) within the cerebellar parenchyma with no associated inflammation.
Photomicrographs from a Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) found dead in Ohio, U.S.A. H&E stains. (A) Longitudinal (arrow) and cross sections (arrowheads) of microfilariae in a pulmonary blood vessel. (B) Microfilariae (arrows) within a parabronchus. (C) Microfilaria (arrow) within the cerebellar parenchyma with no associated inflammation.
Photomicrographs from the intestine of a Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) found dead in Texas, USA.
Photomicrographs from the intestine of a Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) found dead in Texas, USA.
Photomicrographs from a muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) found dead in Ohio, USA. (A) Within the liver, there is a cluster of nematode eggs with light brown to eosinophilic bi-operculated shells (arrowheads) with radial striations (arrow) that contain eosinophilic flocculent material (asterisk). H&E stain.
Photomicrographs from a muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) found dead in Ohio, USA. (A) Within the liver, there is a cluster of nematode eggs with light brown to eosinophilic bi-operculated shells (arrowheads) with radial striations (arrow) that contain eosinophilic flocculent material (asterisk). H&E stain.
Photomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USA
linkPhotomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USA. (A) Hepatocytes contain one or more variably-sized intracytoplasmic round, clear vacuoles (arrowheads). (B) Bile ducts are plugged with bile (asterisk). (C) Multifocally in the brainstem, there are small perivascular hemorrhages (arrows).
Photomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USA
linkPhotomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USA. (A) Hepatocytes contain one or more variably-sized intracytoplasmic round, clear vacuoles (arrowheads). (B) Bile ducts are plugged with bile (asterisk). (C) Multifocally in the brainstem, there are small perivascular hemorrhages (arrows).
Photomicrographs from a Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata) from Utah, USA. H&E stain. (A) The air sac epithelium is replaced by or covered with a thick layer of fibrin admixed with heterophils and fewer macrophages and eosinophilic and cellular necrotic debris (*).
Photomicrographs from a Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata) from Utah, USA. H&E stain. (A) The air sac epithelium is replaced by or covered with a thick layer of fibrin admixed with heterophils and fewer macrophages and eosinophilic and cellular necrotic debris (*).
Photographs from red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra; A, C) and American goldfinches (Spinus tristis; B, D) from Montana, U.S.A. (A) A large yellow/tan plaque (asterisk) is present on the mucosal surface of the crop. (B) White seed-like plaques (arrow) are present on the mucosal surface of the crop.
Photographs from red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra; A, C) and American goldfinches (Spinus tristis; B, D) from Montana, U.S.A. (A) A large yellow/tan plaque (asterisk) is present on the mucosal surface of the crop. (B) White seed-like plaques (arrow) are present on the mucosal surface of the crop.
Photographs from a raccoon (Procyon lotor) from Arizona, US. (A) Large tan nematodes (arrowheads) are present within the subcutaneous tissue and muscle fascia in the distal right forelimb. (B) Closer view of the distal right forelimb showing the large tan nematodes (arrowheads).
Photographs from a raccoon (Procyon lotor) from Arizona, US. (A) Large tan nematodes (arrowheads) are present within the subcutaneous tissue and muscle fascia in the distal right forelimb. (B) Closer view of the distal right forelimb showing the large tan nematodes (arrowheads).
Photomicrographs from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) from Wisconsin, USA. H&E stain. (A) Low magnification of a cross section through the nares showing nasal cavity (*), oral mucosa (arrowhead), and haired skin (arrow). (B) Higher magnification showing a normal hair follicle (arrow) surrounded by sebaceous glands.
Photomicrographs from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) from Wisconsin, USA. H&E stain. (A) Low magnification of a cross section through the nares showing nasal cavity (*), oral mucosa (arrowhead), and haired skin (arrow). (B) Higher magnification showing a normal hair follicle (arrow) surrounded by sebaceous glands.
Photographs (A &B) from a Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) found dead in Minnesota, US. (A) The esophagus is dilated and impacted with a large amount of duckweed (arrows). (B) Forty #9 lead pellets are recovered from the ventriculus. (C) Photograph from a Bald Eagle
Photographs (A &B) from a Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) found dead in Minnesota, US. (A) The esophagus is dilated and impacted with a large amount of duckweed (arrows). (B) Forty #9 lead pellets are recovered from the ventriculus. (C) Photograph from a Bald Eagle
Paranannizziopsis spp. infections in wild snakes and a qPCR assay for detection of the fungus
Mussel mass mortality in the Clinch River, USA: Metabolomics detects affected pathways and biomarkers of stress
Pathology and infectious agents of unionid mussels: A primer for pathologists in disease surveillance and investigation of mortality events
A bacteriological comparison of the hemolymph from healthy and moribund unionid mussel populations in the upper Midwestern U.S.A. prompts the development of diagnostic assays to detect Yokenella regensburgei
Further bacteriological analysis of annual Pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa) mussel mortality events in the Clinch River (Virginia/Tennessee), USA, reveals a consistent association with Yokenella Regensburgei
Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2
Freshwater mussels show elevated viral richness and intensity during a mortality event
Divergent gene expression profiles in Alaskan sea otters: An indicator of chronic domoic acid exposure?
A novel gonadotropic microsporidian parasite (Microsporidium clinchi n. sp.) infecting a declining population of pheasantshell mussels (Actinonaias pectorosa) (Unioinidae) from the Clinch River, USA
Mussel mass mortality and the microbiome: Evidence for shifts in the bacterial microbiome of a declining freshwater bivalve
Pathology of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2/b (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2) in native North American lagomorphs
Domoic acid and saxitoxin in seabirds in the United States between 2007 and 2018
Non-USGS Publications**
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
- Science
Necropsy & Pathology
The Necropsy and Pathology services are performed by board-certified veterinary pathologists and necropsy technical staff whose principal role is to determine the cause of death for animals submitted to the USGS National Wildlife Health Center.
Native Freshwater Mussel Health
Native freshwater mussels are a keystone species and are considered both ecosystem engineers, improving habitat for other species, and indicator species important in assessing the health of the ecosystem. - Data
Metabolomic analysis of pheasantshell mussel (Ortmanniana pectorosa; Order Unionida) from a mass mortality event in the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, USA
This dataset uses the ITIS recommended Ortmanniana pectorosa, Conrad, 1834 in place of Actinonaias pectorosa, which was used in the Richard et al. 2020 manuscript. Biologists monitoring freshwater mussel (Order Unionida) populations rely on behavioral, often subjective, symptoms to identify “sick” or stressed animals, such as gaping valves and slow response to probing and lack clinical indicatorsParanannizziopsis spp. associated with skin lesions in wild snakes in North America and development of a real-time PCR assay for rapid detection of the fungus in clinical samples
The emergence of ophidiomycosis (or snake fungal disease) in snakes has prompted increased awareness of the potential impacts of fungal infections on wild reptile populations. Yet, aside from Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, little is known about other mycoses affecting wild reptiles. The closely related genus Paranannizziopsis has been associated with dermatomycosis in snakes and tuataras in captive colExperimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2
We experimentally challenged wild Mexican free-tailed bats (TABR) with SARS-CoV-2 to determine the susceptibility, reservoir potential, and population impacts of infection in this species. Of nine bats oronasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, five became infected and orally excreted moderate amounts of virus for up to 18 days post inoculation. These five subjects all seroconverted and cleared the viA Novel Gonadotropic Microsporidian Parasite (Microsporidium clinchi n. sp.) Infecting a Declining Population of Pheasantshell Mussels (Actinonaias pectorosa) (Unioinidae) from the Clinch River, USA
Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida are among the most endangered animal groups globally, but the causes of population declines are often enigmatic with little known about the role of disease. In 2018, we collected wild adult pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa) and mucket (Actinonaias ligamentina) during an epidemiologic survey investigating an ongoing mussel mass mortality event in the CliData from pathology of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2/b (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2) in native North American lagomorphs
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, a notifiable foreign animal disease in the USA, was reported for the first time in wild native North American rabbits and hares in April 2020 in the southwestern USA. Affected species included the Desert Cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), Mountain Cottontail (S. nutallii), Black-tailed Jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), and Antelope Jackrabbit (L. alleni). Desert CottontaDomoic acid and saxitoxin in seabirds from California and Rhode Island 2015-2017
As harmful algal blooms (HABs) increase in magnitude and duration worldwide, they are becoming an expanding threat to marine wildlife. Over the past decade, domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (STX) have been increasingly problematic bicoastally in the United States. We investigated pooled seabird mortality data from opportunistic sampling events between 2007-2018, across three states, to examine the pBayou Sauvage NWR (LA) Haul Trail Snake Mortality, 2015-2017
Comprehensive list of carcasses detected at Haul Trail in Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge (Orleans Parish, LA) and relevant findings for specimens subject to postmortem examination at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center (Madison, WI).Necropsy reference number and summary collection information for Washington state population of northern sea otters examined during 1989-2010
Morbillivirus epidemics in marine mammals first gained prominence in 1988 when an outbreak of phocine distemper virus (PDV) occurred in European harbor seals (Phoca vitulina vitulina). Prior to 2001, all serosurveys for morbilliviruses in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in California, Washington and Alaska documented a 0% seroprevalence. The first published serodetections of morbillivirus in sea otterData Associated with Algal Toxin Testing of Seabirds from the Bering and Chukchi Seas, 2017
This data set is comprised of three tables with results of algal toxin screening for saxitoxin and domoic acid. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to screen seabirds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, 2017.Occurrence of Chlamydia sp in apparently healthy birds associated with a mortality event caused by chlamydiosis: Data
hese data sets are is a compilation of bird and environmental samples obtained from 6 sites in Maricopa County, Arizona on the dates shown. Sites were only visited and sampled if they had Rosy-cheeked lovebirds coming to bird feeders at the location and with the permission of the property owner. Two swab samples were obtained from each captured bird and 3 swab samples were collected from the envirDataset: Mortality trends in the Washington population of northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) during 20022015
These data document cause of death determination for stranded otters salvaged from the coast of Washington state and northern Oregon for post-mortem analysis.Natural infections with Pigeon Paramyxovirus-1: Pathologic changes in Eurasian collared-doves (Streptopelia decaocto) and rock pigeons (Columba livia) in the USA: Data
We reviewed pathological findings and to a lesser extent epidemiological data from 70 free-ranging columbiforms naturally infected with Pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) from 25 different PPMV-1 mortality events in columbiforms in the USA. In a subset of 17 birds from 10 of the studied outbreaks, we carried out immunohistochemistry targeting PPMV-1 nucleoprotein to determine the tissue distribution - Multimedia
Photomicrographs of the plagiopatagium from a Little Brown BatPhotomicrographs of the plagiopatagium from a Little Brown Bat
Photomicrographs of the plagiopatagium from a Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) captured live in Wyoming, U.S.A. (A) Adult nematodes (asterisks) are present in the dermis. They are filled with larval nematodes (arrowhead). The overlying epidermis is hyperplastic (arrow). H&E stain.
Photomicrographs of the plagiopatagium from a Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) captured live in Wyoming, U.S.A. (A) Adult nematodes (asterisks) are present in the dermis. They are filled with larval nematodes (arrowhead). The overlying epidermis is hyperplastic (arrow). H&E stain.
Photomicrographs of Amyloidosis in a Mallard DuckPhotomicrographs from a Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) found dead in Missouri, U.S.A. (A) The glomerular mesangium (asterisk) is expanded by amorphous, eosinophilic, acellular material. H&E stain. (B) Tubules in medullary cones are often surrounded by amorphous, eosinophilic, acellular material. H&E stain.
Photomicrographs from a Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) found dead in Missouri, U.S.A. (A) The glomerular mesangium (asterisk) is expanded by amorphous, eosinophilic, acellular material. H&E stain. (B) Tubules in medullary cones are often surrounded by amorphous, eosinophilic, acellular material. H&E stain.
Photomicrographs from a Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) found dead in OhioPhotomicrographs from a Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) found dead in OhioPhotomicrographs from a Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) found dead in Ohio, U.S.A. H&E stains. (A) Longitudinal (arrow) and cross sections (arrowheads) of microfilariae in a pulmonary blood vessel. (B) Microfilariae (arrows) within a parabronchus. (C) Microfilaria (arrow) within the cerebellar parenchyma with no associated inflammation.
Photomicrographs from a Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) found dead in Ohio, U.S.A. H&E stains. (A) Longitudinal (arrow) and cross sections (arrowheads) of microfilariae in a pulmonary blood vessel. (B) Microfilariae (arrows) within a parabronchus. (C) Microfilaria (arrow) within the cerebellar parenchyma with no associated inflammation.
Photomicrographs from the intestine of a Brazilian Free-tailed BatPhotomicrographs from the intestine of a Brazilian Free-tailed BatPhotomicrographs from the intestine of a Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) found dead in Texas, USA.
Photomicrographs from the intestine of a Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) found dead in Texas, USA.
Photomicrographs from a muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) found dead in OhioPhotomicrographs from a muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) found dead in OhioPhotomicrographs from a muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) found dead in Ohio, USA. (A) Within the liver, there is a cluster of nematode eggs with light brown to eosinophilic bi-operculated shells (arrowheads) with radial striations (arrow) that contain eosinophilic flocculent material (asterisk). H&E stain.
Photomicrographs from a muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) found dead in Ohio, USA. (A) Within the liver, there is a cluster of nematode eggs with light brown to eosinophilic bi-operculated shells (arrowheads) with radial striations (arrow) that contain eosinophilic flocculent material (asterisk). H&E stain.
Photomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USAPhotomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USAPhotomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USA
linkPhotomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USA. (A) Hepatocytes contain one or more variably-sized intracytoplasmic round, clear vacuoles (arrowheads). (B) Bile ducts are plugged with bile (asterisk). (C) Multifocally in the brainstem, there are small perivascular hemorrhages (arrows).
Photomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USA
linkPhotomicrographs with H&E stain from a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead in Wisconsin, USA. (A) Hepatocytes contain one or more variably-sized intracytoplasmic round, clear vacuoles (arrowheads). (B) Bile ducts are plugged with bile (asterisk). (C) Multifocally in the brainstem, there are small perivascular hemorrhages (arrows).
Photomicrographs from a Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata) from Utah, USAPhotomicrographs from a Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata) from Utah, USAPhotomicrographs from a Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata) from Utah, USA. H&E stain. (A) The air sac epithelium is replaced by or covered with a thick layer of fibrin admixed with heterophils and fewer macrophages and eosinophilic and cellular necrotic debris (*).
Photomicrographs from a Northern Shoveler (Spatula clypeata) from Utah, USA. H&E stain. (A) The air sac epithelium is replaced by or covered with a thick layer of fibrin admixed with heterophils and fewer macrophages and eosinophilic and cellular necrotic debris (*).
Photographs from red crossbills and American goldfinches from MontanaPhotographs from red crossbills and American goldfinches from MontanaPhotographs from red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra; A, C) and American goldfinches (Spinus tristis; B, D) from Montana, U.S.A. (A) A large yellow/tan plaque (asterisk) is present on the mucosal surface of the crop. (B) White seed-like plaques (arrow) are present on the mucosal surface of the crop.
Photographs from red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra; A, C) and American goldfinches (Spinus tristis; B, D) from Montana, U.S.A. (A) A large yellow/tan plaque (asterisk) is present on the mucosal surface of the crop. (B) White seed-like plaques (arrow) are present on the mucosal surface of the crop.
Nematodes in raccoon tissuePhotographs from a raccoon (Procyon lotor) from Arizona, US. (A) Large tan nematodes (arrowheads) are present within the subcutaneous tissue and muscle fascia in the distal right forelimb. (B) Closer view of the distal right forelimb showing the large tan nematodes (arrowheads).
Photographs from a raccoon (Procyon lotor) from Arizona, US. (A) Large tan nematodes (arrowheads) are present within the subcutaneous tissue and muscle fascia in the distal right forelimb. (B) Closer view of the distal right forelimb showing the large tan nematodes (arrowheads).
Photomicrographs from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) from WisconsiPhotomicrographs from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) from WisconsiPhotomicrographs from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) from Wisconsin, USA. H&E stain. (A) Low magnification of a cross section through the nares showing nasal cavity (*), oral mucosa (arrowhead), and haired skin (arrow). (B) Higher magnification showing a normal hair follicle (arrow) surrounded by sebaceous glands.
Photomicrographs from a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) from Wisconsin, USA. H&E stain. (A) Low magnification of a cross section through the nares showing nasal cavity (*), oral mucosa (arrowhead), and haired skin (arrow). (B) Higher magnification showing a normal hair follicle (arrow) surrounded by sebaceous glands.
Photographs from Canada Goose and two Bald Eagles with lead poisoningPhotographs from Canada Goose and two Bald Eagles with lead poisoningPhotographs (A &B) from a Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) found dead in Minnesota, US. (A) The esophagus is dilated and impacted with a large amount of duckweed (arrows). (B) Forty #9 lead pellets are recovered from the ventriculus. (C) Photograph from a Bald Eagle
Photographs (A &B) from a Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) found dead in Minnesota, US. (A) The esophagus is dilated and impacted with a large amount of duckweed (arrows). (B) Forty #9 lead pellets are recovered from the ventriculus. (C) Photograph from a Bald Eagle
- Publications
Filter Total Items: 33
Paranannizziopsis spp. infections in wild snakes and a qPCR assay for detection of the fungus
The emergence of ophidiomycosis (or snake fungal disease) in snakes has prompted increased awareness of the potential effects of fungal infections on wild reptile populations. Yet, aside from Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, little is known about other mycoses affecting wild reptiles. The closely related genus Paranannizziopsis has been associated with dermatomycosis in snakes and tuataras in captive colAuthorsJeffrey M. Lorch, Megan Winzeler, Julia S. Lankton, Stephen Raverty, Heindrich N Snyman, Helen M. Schwantje, Caeley Thacker, Susan Knowles, Hugh Y Cai, Daniel A. GrearMussel mass mortality in the Clinch River, USA: Metabolomics detects affected pathways and biomarkers of stress
Biologists monitoring freshwater mussel (order Unionida) populations rely on behavioral, often subjective, signs to identify moribund (“sick”) or stressed mussels, such as gaping valves and slow response to probing, and they lack clinical indicators to support a diagnosis. As part of a multi-year study to investigate causes of reoccurring mortality of pheasantshell (Ortmanniana pectorosa; synonymAuthorsJoel G. Putnam, John Steiner, Jordon Richard, Eric Leis, Tony Goldberg, Christopher D. Dunn, Rose Agbalog, Susan Knowles, Diane L. WallerPathology and infectious agents of unionid mussels: A primer for pathologists in disease surveillance and investigation of mortality events
Freshwater mussels are one of the most imperiled groups of organisms in the world, and more than 30 species have gone extinct in the last century. While habitat alteration and destruction have contributed to the declines, the role of disease in mortality events is unclear. In an effort to involve veterinary pathologists in disease surveillance and the investigation of freshwater mussel mortality eAuthorsSusan Knowles, Michelle Dennis, Andrew McElwain, Eric Leis, Jordan C. RichardA bacteriological comparison of the hemolymph from healthy and moribund unionid mussel populations in the upper Midwestern U.S.A. prompts the development of diagnostic assays to detect Yokenella regensburgei
Recent bacteriological investigations of freshwater mussel mortality events in the southeastern United States have identified a variety of bacteria and differences in bacterial communities between sick and healthy mussels. In particular, Yokenella regensburgei and Aeromonas spp. have been shown to be associated with moribund mussels, although it remains unclear whether these bacteria are causes orAuthorsEric Leis, Sara Dziki, Isaac Standish, Diane L. Waller, Jordan Richard, Jesse Weinzinger, Cleyo Harris, Susan Knowles, Tony GoldbergFurther bacteriological analysis of annual Pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa) mussel mortality events in the Clinch River (Virginia/Tennessee), USA, reveals a consistent association with Yokenella Regensburgei
Pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa) mussels in the Clinch River (Tennessee/Virginia, USA) have declined dramatically in recent years. The bacterium Yokenella regensburgei was first isolated with high prevalence from Pheasantshells during the peak of a 2017 mortality event, but it was not identified after mortality subsided a few months later. Since 2017, Pheasantshell mortality in the Clinch RivAuthorsEric Leis, Sara Dziki, Jordan Richard, Rose Agbalog, Diane L. Waller, Joel G. Putnam, Susan Knowles, Tony GoldbergExperimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is thought to have originated in wild bats from Asia, and as the resulting pandemic continues into its third year, concerns have been raised that the virus will expand its host range and infect North American wildlife species, including bats. Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) live in large colonies in the southerAuthorsJeffrey S. Hall, Erik K. Hofmeister, Hon S. Ip, Sean Nashold, Ariel Elizabeth Leon, Carly Marie Malave, Elizabeth Falendysz, Tonie E. Rocke, M. Carossino, U. Balasuriya, Susan KnowlesFreshwater mussels show elevated viral richness and intensity during a mortality event
Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are among the world’s most imperiled taxa, but the relationship between freshwater mussel mortality events and infectious disease is largely unstudied. We surveyed viromes of a widespread and abundant species (mucket, Actinonaias ligamentina; syn: Ortmanniana ligamentina) experiencing a mortality event of unknown etiology in the Huron River, Michigan, in 2019–2020 andAuthorsJordan Richard, Eric Leis, Christopher D. Dunn, Cleyo Harris, Rose Agbalog, Lewis J. Campbell, Susan Knowles, Diane L. Waller, Joel G. Putnam, Tony GoldbergDivergent gene expression profiles in Alaskan sea otters: An indicator of chronic domoic acid exposure?
An opportunistic investigation into ecosystem instability in Kachemak Bay (KBay), Alaska, has led us to investigate exposure to toxic algae in sea otters. We used gene expression to explore the physiological health of sea otters sampled in KBay in May 2019. We found altered levels of gene transcripts in comparison with reference sea otters from clinically normal, oil-exposed, and nutritionally chaAuthorsLizabeth Bowen, Susan Knowles, Kathi Lefebvre, Michelle St Martin, Michael Murray, Kimberly A. Kloecker, Daniel Monson, Ben Weitzman, Brenda Ballachey, Heather Coletti, Shannon C. Waters, C CummingsA novel gonadotropic microsporidian parasite (Microsporidium clinchi n. sp.) infecting a declining population of pheasantshell mussels (Actinonaias pectorosa) (Unioinidae) from the Clinch River, USA
Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida are among the most endangered animal groups globally, but the causes of their population decline are often enigmatic, with little known about the role of disease. In 2018, we collected wild adult pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa) and mucket (Actinonaias ligamentina) during an epidemiologic survey investigating an ongoing mussel mass mortality event in tAuthorsSusan Knowles, Eric M. Leis, Jordan C. Richard, Rebecca A. Cole, Rose E. Agbalog, Joel G. Putnam, Tony L. Goldberg, Diane L. WallerMussel mass mortality and the microbiome: Evidence for shifts in the bacterial microbiome of a declining freshwater bivalve
Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are suffering mass mortality events worldwide, but the causes remain enigmatic. Here, we describe an analysis of bacterial loads, community structure, and inferred metabolic pathways in the hemolymph of pheasantshells (Actinonaias pectorosa) from the Clinch River, USA, during a multi-year mass mortality event. Bacterial loads were approximately 2 logs higher in moribuAuthorsJordan Richard, Lewis J. Campbell, Eric Leis, Rose Agbalog, Christopher D. Dunn, Diane L. Waller, Susan Knowles, Joel G. Putnam, Tony GoldbergPathology of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2/b (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2) in native North American lagomorphs
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease, a notifiable foreign animal disease in the US, was reported for the first time in wild native North American lagomorphs in April 2020 in the southwestern US. Affected species included the desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), mountain cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii), black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), and antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni). Desert cottoAuthorsJulia S. Lankton, Susan Knowles, Saskia Keller, Valerie I. Shearn-Bochsler, Hon S. IpDomoic acid and saxitoxin in seabirds in the United States between 2007 and 2018
As harmful algal blooms (HABs) increase in magnitude and duration worldwide, they are becoming an expanding threat to marine wildlife. Over the past decade, blooms of algae that produce the neurotoxins domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (STX) and documented concurrent seabird mortality events have increased bicoastally in the United States. We conducted a retrospective analysis of HAB related mortalitAuthorsCorinne Gibble, Raphael Kudela, Susan Knowles, Barbara Bodenstein, Kathi LefebvreNon-USGS Publications**
Salter CE, O’Donnell K, Sutton DA, Marancik DP, Knowles S, Clauss TM, Berliner AL, Camus AC: Dermatitis and systemic mycosis in a group of lined seahorses Hippocampus erectus associated with a marine-adapted pathogen within the Fusarium solani species complex. Dis Aquat Org 101(1):23-31, 2012.Page-Karjian A, Knowles S, Howerth E, Berliner A, Clauss T, Hyatt M, Camus A: Pathology in practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 241(9):1159-1161, 2012.Knowles S, Blas-Machado U, Butler AM, Gomez-Ibañez SE, Lowder MQ, Fayrer-Hosken RA: Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma associated with a retained molar in an Oldenburg mare. J Vet Diagn Invest 22:987-990, 2010.Knowles S, Uhl EW, Blas-Machado U, Butler AM: Intrapericardial ectopic thyroid carcinoma in a cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 22:1010-1013, 2010.Brown YK, Knowles S, Fiorello CV, Camus MS, Howerth EW: Pathology in practice. Morphologic diagnosis: Uterine adenocarcinoma with metastasis to the lungs, diaphragm, spleen, mesentery, and cecum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:1257-1259, 2010.Knowles S, Hrubec TC, Smith SA, Bakal RS: Hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals for cultured shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). Vet Clin Pathol 35:434-440, 2006.Blanchard TW, Santiago NT, Lipscomb TP, Garber RL, McFee WE, Knowles S: Two novel alphaherpesviruses associated with fatal disseminated infections in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins. J Wild Dis 37:297-305, 2001.Evans JJ, Norden A, Cresswell F, Insley K, and Knowles S: Marine sea turtle strandings in Maryland, 1991 to 1995. The Maryland Naturalist 41:23-34, 1997.**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
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*Disclaimer: Listing outside positions with professional scientific organizations on this Staff Profile are for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of those professional scientific organizations or their activities by the USGS, Department of the Interior, or U.S. Government