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Permanent Site: H2 East Transect; Depth: 7.9 Meters (25.8 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 2.6 Kilometers (1.6 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15008216,-123.53210661; Site Description: This site is medium to shallow depth. Substrate is mainly gravel with some sand, cobble and an occasional boulder (1:38 seconds).

Permanent Site: A1 East Transect; Depth: 8.2 Meters (27.0 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.8 Kilometers (1.1 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.5855312; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with an occasional boulder.

Permanent Site: F2 West Transect; Depth: 11.9 Meters (38.9 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.5 Kilometers (0.9 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15672004,-123.55036603; Site Description: Substrate is mainly gravel mixed with a little cobble and an occasional boulder.

Permanent Site: A1 West Transect; Depth: 8.2 Meters (27.0 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.9 Kilometers (1.2 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.586203; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with patches of boulders.

Permanent Site: A2 East Transect; Depth: 12.5 Meters (Feet 41.1); Distance from river mouth: Kilometers 1.8 (1.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14130295, -123.58766124; Site Description: One of our deeper sites at over 40 feet. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud. Annual seaweeds are present but not abundant.

Permanent Site: A2 West Transect; Depth: 13.0 Meters (Feet 42.7); Distance from river mouth: Kilometers 1.8 (1.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14130295, -123.5883331; Site Description: One of our deeper sites at over 40 feet. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with scattered boulders. Annual species of seaweeds are present.

- a new tool for river restoration

by Jonathan Warrick, Research Geologist

- a journey through the landscape of Earth's greatest floods

by Richard Waitt, Geologist

Permanent Site: 4SP1 - West Transect; Depth: 6.4 Meters (20.9 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.8 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) East; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15257, -123.557376; Site Description: Predominantly a high current site with gravel/cobble substrate covered in seaweeds.

Permanent Site: H2 West Transect; Depth: 7.7 Meters (25.1 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 2.6 Kilometers (1.6 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15008216,-123.53277857; Site Description: This site is medium to shallow depth. Substrate is mainly gravel with some sand, cobble and an occasional small boulder.

Permanent Site: H2 East Transect; Depth: 8.0 Meters (26.3 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 2.6 Kilometers (1.6 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15008216,-123.53210661; Site Description: This site is medium to shallow depth. Substrate is mainly gravel with some sand, cobble and an occasional boulder.

Permant Site: 4SP1 - East Transect Depth: 6.0 Meters (19.8 Feet) Distance from river mouth: 0.8 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) East Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 Year Pre-dam removal Lat/Long: 48.15257, -123.556704 Site Description: Predominantly a shallow, high current site with cobble and gravel substrate covered in seaweed.

Permanent Site: A2 East Transect; Depth: 12.6 Meters (Feet 41.3); Distance from river mouth: Kilometers 1.8 (1.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14130295, -123.58766124; Site Description: One of our deeper sites at over 40 feet. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud. Annual species of seaweeds are present but not abundant.

Permanent Site: A1 East Transect; Depth: 8.8 Meters (28.9 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.8 Kilometers (1.1 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.5855312; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with occasional boulders.

Permanent Site: A1 West Transect; Depth: 8.4 Meters (27.4 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.9 Kilometers (1.2 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.586203; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with patches of boulders.

Permanent Site: A2 West Transect; Depth: 12.6 Meters (Feet 41.3); Distance from river mouth: Kilometers 1.8 (1.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14130295, -123.5883331; Site Description: One of our deeper sites at over 40 feet. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with scattered boulders.

Permanent Site: H1 West Transect; Depth: 5.0 Meters (Feet 16.4); Distance from river mouth: 2.4 Kilometers (1.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14803012,-123.53535558; Site Description: This is a shallow site and one of the farthest removed from the effects of the sediment plume outside of the control sites.

Permanent Site: H1 East Transect; Depth: 5.2 Meters (Feet 17.0); Distance from river mouth: 2.4 Kilometers (1.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.1479177,-123.53472865; Site Description: This is a shallow site and one of the farthest removed from the effects of the sediment plume outside of the control sites.

The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens triggered a growth in volcano science and volcano monitoring. Five USGS volcano observatories have been established since the eruption. With new technologies and improved awareness of volcanic hazards USGS scientists are helping save lives and property across the planet.

USGS scientists recount their experiences before, during and after the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Loss of their colleague David A. Johnston and 56 others in the eruption cast a pall over one of the most dramatic geologic moments in American history.

Random Site: 3MS18 (L1) West Transect; Depth: 10.9 m (35.9 feet); Distance from river mouth: 2.3 Kilometers (1.4 Miles) west; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 3 year pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13957527,-123.59427175; Site Description: This transect is medium depth with substrate that varies from all fine sediment/sand/mud, some on top of bedrock, to areas of large boulders.