Upper Midwest Water Science Center Products Published Quarter Three, Fiscal Year 2023
By Upper Midwest Water Science Center
July 1, 2023
Below are all products released by the Upper Midwest Water Science Center in the third quarter of fiscal year 2023 (April 1, 2023 - June 20, 2023)
Related
Geomorphic Habitat Response Units Attributes for the Wisconsin DNR 24k Hydrography Flowline Network in the Milwaukee River Basin, Wisconsin Geomorphic Habitat Response Units Attributes for the Wisconsin DNR 24k Hydrography Flowline Network in the Milwaukee River Basin, Wisconsin
This date release was produced as part of the Milwaukee Area Watercourse Corridor Study in partnership with the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) to monitor and assess stream water quality within studies of aquatic communities, geomorphology and habitat, water and sediment, and streamflow. This dataset contains two vector datasets of stream geomorphic characteristics, pre...
Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model archive used to simulate potential annual recharge for the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant study area, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, 1980 to 2020 Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model archive used to simulate potential annual recharge for the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant study area, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, 1980 to 2020
This model archive makes available the U.S. Geological Survey Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model created in support of a groundwater flow model of the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant in Sauk County, Wisconsin. The SWB model provides initial estimates of potential recharge to the groundwater system in the study area, which are used in a calibrated 3-dimensional MODFLOW (modular finite...
Science in the Great Lakes (SiGL) Database Archive Science in the Great Lakes (SiGL) Database Archive
In the Great Lakes basin, there are numerous organizations undertaking scientific monitoring and research efforts with the goal of identifying threats and evaluating management strategies that will protect and restore the Great Lakes ecosystem. Coordination among all these stakeholders is a challenge, and having a centralized location where researchers and managers can identify relevant...
Model Archive Summary for Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Station 05321195; Blue Earth River at Highway 169 at Mankato, Minnesota Model Archive Summary for Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Station 05321195; Blue Earth River at Highway 169 at Mankato, Minnesota
This model archive summary (MAS) documents the suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) model developed to compute 15-minute SSC from turbidity readings. This is the first model developed for the Blue Earth River at Highway 169 at Mankato, Minnesota (Station ID 05321195).
MODFLOW-NWT model of the Former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Wisconsin MODFLOW-NWT model of the Former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Wisconsin
This model archive makes available a calibrated, transient MODFLODW-NWT model and a MODPATH7 particle-tracking model used to simulate the groundwater flow system at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, in Sauk County, Wisconsin, during 1984–2020. The development of the MODFLODW-NWT and MODPATH7 models are described in the associated U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations...
Slug test analysis results from unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers at Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin, 2020 Slug test analysis results from unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers at Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin, 2020
This data release contains water level data and analytical results from slug tests performed at 12 wells at Badger Army Ammunition Plant (BAAP), Sauk County, Wisconsin. Water-level data, representing the displacement and recovery of groundwater levels with time in wells during slug tests, are provided in comma delimited files. Analytical results are provided in AQUTESOLV files (*.aqt...
Cold-weather air and subsurface temperature profiles of three different permeable pavements, Madison, Wisconsin, between 2014 and 2021 Cold-weather air and subsurface temperature profiles of three different permeable pavements, Madison, Wisconsin, between 2014 and 2021
Corrected and aggregated temperature data from the subsurface of three permeable pavement types [permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), pervious concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA)] collected in Madison, Wisconsin between November 1 and April 30 (cold-weather periods), 2014-2021 are in this data release. Temperature data was corrected through removal of intermittent erroneous...
Filter Total Items: 20
Community cloud computing infrastructure to support equitable water research and education Community cloud computing infrastructure to support equitable water research and education
No abstract available.
Authors
Anthony M. Castronova, Ayman Nassar, Wouter Knoben, Michael N. Fienen, Louise Arnal, Martyn Clark
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: Comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: Comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications
Drinking-water quality is a rising concern in the United States (US), emphasizing the need to broadly assess exposures and potential health effects at the point-of-use. Drinking-water exposures to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a national concern, however, there is limited information on PFAS in residential tapwater at the point-of-use, especially from private-wells. We...
Authors
Kelly L. Smalling, Kristin M. Romanok, Paul M. Bradley, Matthew C. Morriss, James L. Gray, Leslie K. Kanagy, Stephanie Gordon, Brianna Williams, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Daniel K. Jones, Laura A. DeCicco, Collin A. Eagles-Smith, Tyler Wagner
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Cooperative Research Units, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC), Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Utah Water Science Center
Modeled predictions of human-associated and fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations and loadings in the Menomonee River, Wisconsin using in-situ optical sensors Modeled predictions of human-associated and fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations and loadings in the Menomonee River, Wisconsin using in-situ optical sensors
Human sewage contamination of waterways is a major issue in the United States and throughout the world. Models were developed for estimation of two human-associated fecal-indicator and three general fecal-indicator bacteria (HIB and FIB) using in situ optical field-sensor data for estimating concentrations and loads of HIB and FIB and the extent of sewage contamination in the Menomonee...
Authors
Peter L. Lenaker, Steven R. Corsi, Laura A. DeCicco, Hayley T. Olds, Debra K. Dila, Mari Danz, Sandra L. McLellan, Troy D. Rutter
Evaluating pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants in the Lac du Flambeau Chain of Lakes using risk-based screening techniques Evaluating pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants in the Lac du Flambeau Chain of Lakes using risk-based screening techniques
In an investigation of pharmaceutical contamination in the Lac du Flambeau Chain of Lakes (hereafter referred to as “the Chain”), few contaminants were detected; only eight pharmaceuticals and one pesticide were identified among the 110 pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants monitored in surface water samples. This study, conducted in cooperation with the Lac du Flambeau Tribe’s...
Authors
Matthew A. Pronschinske, Steven R. Corsi, Celeste Hockings
Groundwater residence times in glacial aquifers—A new general simulation-model approach compared to conventional inset models Groundwater residence times in glacial aquifers—A new general simulation-model approach compared to conventional inset models
Groundwater is important as a drinking-water source and for maintaining base flow in rivers, streams, and lakes. Groundwater quality can be predicted, in part, by its residence time in the subsurface, but the residence-time distribution cannot be measured directly and must be inferred from models. This report compares residence-time distributions from four areas where groundwater flow...
Authors
J. Jeffrey Starn, Leon J. Kauffman, Daniel T. Feinstein
State of the science and decision support for measuring suspended sediment with acoustic instrumentation State of the science and decision support for measuring suspended sediment with acoustic instrumentation
Acoustic instrumentation can be used to provide time-series and discrete estimates of suspended-sediment concentration, load, and sediment particle sizes in fluvial systems, which are essential for creating informed solutions to many sediment-related environmental, engineering, and land management concerns. Historically, scientists have developed relations between suspended sediment...
Authors
Molly S. Wood, Joel T. Groten, Timothy D. Straub, Dan R.W. Haught, Ronald E. Griffiths, Justin A. Boldt, Zulimar Lucena, Jeb E. Brown, Steven E. Suttles, Patrick J. Dickhudt
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters: A statewide assessment, associated sources, and land-use relations Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters: A statewide assessment, associated sources, and land-use relations
The objectives of this study are to identify per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters, corresponding associations with potential sources of PFAS contamination (PSOC) and other parameters, and compare raw surface water concentrations to human and ecological benchmarks. Surface water samples from 161 streams were collected in September 2019 and were...
Authors
Sara E. Breitmeyer, Amy Williams, Joseph W. Duris, Lee W. Eicholtz, Dustin R. Shull, Timothy A. Wertz, Emily Woodward
Study design and methods of the Wells and Enteric disease Transmission (WET) Trial, a randomised controlled trial Study design and methods of the Wells and Enteric disease Transmission (WET) Trial, a randomised controlled trial
Introduction: The burden of disease attributed to drinking water from private wells is not well characterised. The Wells and Enteric disease Transmission trial is the first randomised controlled trial to estimate the burden of disease that can be attributed to the consumption of untreated private well water. To estimate the attributable incidence of gastrointestinal illness (GI)...
Authors
Debbie Lee, Donna Denno, Phil Tarr, Jingwei Wu, Joel P. Stokdyk, Mark A. Borchardt, Heather Murphy
New capabilities in MT3D-USGS for simulating unsaturated-zone heat transport New capabilities in MT3D-USGS for simulating unsaturated-zone heat transport
Changes in climate and land use will alter groundwater heat transport dynamics in the future. These changes will in turn affect watershed processes (e.g., nutrient cycling) as well as watershed characteristics (e.g., distribution and persistence of cold-water habitat). Thus, groundwater flow and heat transport models at watershed scales that can characterize and quantify thermal impacts...
Authors
Eric D. Morway, Daniel T. Feinstein, Randall J. Hunt, Richard W. Healy
Assessment of conservation management practices on water quality and observed trends in the Plum Creek Basin, 2010–20 Assessment of conservation management practices on water quality and observed trends in the Plum Creek Basin, 2010–20
The U.S. Geological Survey and University of Wisconsin–Green Bay collected hydrologic and water-quality data to assess the effectiveness of agricultural conservation management practice (CMP) implementation at mainstem Plum Creek and west Plum Creek in northeastern Wisconsin. These two subbasins cover 88 percent of the Plum Creek Basin (Hydrologic Unit Code 12), which is a subbasin of...
Authors
Judy A. Horwatich, Kevin Fermanich, Matthew A. Pronschinske, Dale M. Robertson, Sarah Kussow, Luke C. Loken, Paul C. Reneau, Jeremy Freund, Matthew J. Komiskey
Simulation of groundwater flow at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin Simulation of groundwater flow at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin
To help support remedial efforts at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant the U.S. Geological Survey built and calibrated a transient groundwater flow model using the Newton Raphson formulation (MODFLOW–NWT) of the U.S. Geological Survey’s modular three-dimensional finite-difference code. The model simulates the groundwater flow system at the site from 1984 to 2020. The former Badger...
Authors
Megan J. Haserodt, Howard W. Reeves, Martha G. Nielsen, Laura A. Schachter, Nicholas T. Corson-Dosch, Daniel T. Feinstein
Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system
Reservoirs in arid landscapes provide critical water storage and hydroelectric power but influence the transport and biogeochemical cycling of mercury (Hg). Improved management of reservoirs to mitigate the supply and uptake of bioavailable methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic food webs will benefit from a mechanistic understanding of inorganic divalent Hg (Hg(II)) and MeHg fate within and...
Authors
Brett Poulin, Michael T. Tate, Jacob M. Ogorek, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Austin K. Baldwin, Alysa Muir Yoder, Reed C. Harris, Jesse Naymik, Nick Gastelecutto, Charles Hoovestol, Christopher F. Larsen, Ralph Myers, George R. Aiken, David P. Krabbenhoft
Related
Geomorphic Habitat Response Units Attributes for the Wisconsin DNR 24k Hydrography Flowline Network in the Milwaukee River Basin, Wisconsin Geomorphic Habitat Response Units Attributes for the Wisconsin DNR 24k Hydrography Flowline Network in the Milwaukee River Basin, Wisconsin
This date release was produced as part of the Milwaukee Area Watercourse Corridor Study in partnership with the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) to monitor and assess stream water quality within studies of aquatic communities, geomorphology and habitat, water and sediment, and streamflow. This dataset contains two vector datasets of stream geomorphic characteristics, pre...
Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model archive used to simulate potential annual recharge for the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant study area, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, 1980 to 2020 Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model archive used to simulate potential annual recharge for the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant study area, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, 1980 to 2020
This model archive makes available the U.S. Geological Survey Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model created in support of a groundwater flow model of the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant in Sauk County, Wisconsin. The SWB model provides initial estimates of potential recharge to the groundwater system in the study area, which are used in a calibrated 3-dimensional MODFLOW (modular finite...
Science in the Great Lakes (SiGL) Database Archive Science in the Great Lakes (SiGL) Database Archive
In the Great Lakes basin, there are numerous organizations undertaking scientific monitoring and research efforts with the goal of identifying threats and evaluating management strategies that will protect and restore the Great Lakes ecosystem. Coordination among all these stakeholders is a challenge, and having a centralized location where researchers and managers can identify relevant...
Model Archive Summary for Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Station 05321195; Blue Earth River at Highway 169 at Mankato, Minnesota Model Archive Summary for Suspended-Sediment Concentration at Station 05321195; Blue Earth River at Highway 169 at Mankato, Minnesota
This model archive summary (MAS) documents the suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) model developed to compute 15-minute SSC from turbidity readings. This is the first model developed for the Blue Earth River at Highway 169 at Mankato, Minnesota (Station ID 05321195).
MODFLOW-NWT model of the Former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Wisconsin MODFLOW-NWT model of the Former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Wisconsin
This model archive makes available a calibrated, transient MODFLODW-NWT model and a MODPATH7 particle-tracking model used to simulate the groundwater flow system at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, in Sauk County, Wisconsin, during 1984–2020. The development of the MODFLODW-NWT and MODPATH7 models are described in the associated U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations...
Slug test analysis results from unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers at Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin, 2020 Slug test analysis results from unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers at Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin, 2020
This data release contains water level data and analytical results from slug tests performed at 12 wells at Badger Army Ammunition Plant (BAAP), Sauk County, Wisconsin. Water-level data, representing the displacement and recovery of groundwater levels with time in wells during slug tests, are provided in comma delimited files. Analytical results are provided in AQUTESOLV files (*.aqt...
Cold-weather air and subsurface temperature profiles of three different permeable pavements, Madison, Wisconsin, between 2014 and 2021 Cold-weather air and subsurface temperature profiles of three different permeable pavements, Madison, Wisconsin, between 2014 and 2021
Corrected and aggregated temperature data from the subsurface of three permeable pavement types [permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), pervious concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA)] collected in Madison, Wisconsin between November 1 and April 30 (cold-weather periods), 2014-2021 are in this data release. Temperature data was corrected through removal of intermittent erroneous...
Filter Total Items: 20
Community cloud computing infrastructure to support equitable water research and education Community cloud computing infrastructure to support equitable water research and education
No abstract available.
Authors
Anthony M. Castronova, Ayman Nassar, Wouter Knoben, Michael N. Fienen, Louise Arnal, Martyn Clark
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: Comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: Comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications
Drinking-water quality is a rising concern in the United States (US), emphasizing the need to broadly assess exposures and potential health effects at the point-of-use. Drinking-water exposures to per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a national concern, however, there is limited information on PFAS in residential tapwater at the point-of-use, especially from private-wells. We...
Authors
Kelly L. Smalling, Kristin M. Romanok, Paul M. Bradley, Matthew C. Morriss, James L. Gray, Leslie K. Kanagy, Stephanie Gordon, Brianna Williams, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Daniel K. Jones, Laura A. DeCicco, Collin A. Eagles-Smith, Tyler Wagner
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Cooperative Research Units, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC), Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Utah Water Science Center
Modeled predictions of human-associated and fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations and loadings in the Menomonee River, Wisconsin using in-situ optical sensors Modeled predictions of human-associated and fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations and loadings in the Menomonee River, Wisconsin using in-situ optical sensors
Human sewage contamination of waterways is a major issue in the United States and throughout the world. Models were developed for estimation of two human-associated fecal-indicator and three general fecal-indicator bacteria (HIB and FIB) using in situ optical field-sensor data for estimating concentrations and loads of HIB and FIB and the extent of sewage contamination in the Menomonee...
Authors
Peter L. Lenaker, Steven R. Corsi, Laura A. DeCicco, Hayley T. Olds, Debra K. Dila, Mari Danz, Sandra L. McLellan, Troy D. Rutter
Evaluating pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants in the Lac du Flambeau Chain of Lakes using risk-based screening techniques Evaluating pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants in the Lac du Flambeau Chain of Lakes using risk-based screening techniques
In an investigation of pharmaceutical contamination in the Lac du Flambeau Chain of Lakes (hereafter referred to as “the Chain”), few contaminants were detected; only eight pharmaceuticals and one pesticide were identified among the 110 pharmaceuticals and other organic contaminants monitored in surface water samples. This study, conducted in cooperation with the Lac du Flambeau Tribe’s...
Authors
Matthew A. Pronschinske, Steven R. Corsi, Celeste Hockings
Groundwater residence times in glacial aquifers—A new general simulation-model approach compared to conventional inset models Groundwater residence times in glacial aquifers—A new general simulation-model approach compared to conventional inset models
Groundwater is important as a drinking-water source and for maintaining base flow in rivers, streams, and lakes. Groundwater quality can be predicted, in part, by its residence time in the subsurface, but the residence-time distribution cannot be measured directly and must be inferred from models. This report compares residence-time distributions from four areas where groundwater flow...
Authors
J. Jeffrey Starn, Leon J. Kauffman, Daniel T. Feinstein
State of the science and decision support for measuring suspended sediment with acoustic instrumentation State of the science and decision support for measuring suspended sediment with acoustic instrumentation
Acoustic instrumentation can be used to provide time-series and discrete estimates of suspended-sediment concentration, load, and sediment particle sizes in fluvial systems, which are essential for creating informed solutions to many sediment-related environmental, engineering, and land management concerns. Historically, scientists have developed relations between suspended sediment...
Authors
Molly S. Wood, Joel T. Groten, Timothy D. Straub, Dan R.W. Haught, Ronald E. Griffiths, Justin A. Boldt, Zulimar Lucena, Jeb E. Brown, Steven E. Suttles, Patrick J. Dickhudt
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters: A statewide assessment, associated sources, and land-use relations Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters: A statewide assessment, associated sources, and land-use relations
The objectives of this study are to identify per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters, corresponding associations with potential sources of PFAS contamination (PSOC) and other parameters, and compare raw surface water concentrations to human and ecological benchmarks. Surface water samples from 161 streams were collected in September 2019 and were...
Authors
Sara E. Breitmeyer, Amy Williams, Joseph W. Duris, Lee W. Eicholtz, Dustin R. Shull, Timothy A. Wertz, Emily Woodward
Study design and methods of the Wells and Enteric disease Transmission (WET) Trial, a randomised controlled trial Study design and methods of the Wells and Enteric disease Transmission (WET) Trial, a randomised controlled trial
Introduction: The burden of disease attributed to drinking water from private wells is not well characterised. The Wells and Enteric disease Transmission trial is the first randomised controlled trial to estimate the burden of disease that can be attributed to the consumption of untreated private well water. To estimate the attributable incidence of gastrointestinal illness (GI)...
Authors
Debbie Lee, Donna Denno, Phil Tarr, Jingwei Wu, Joel P. Stokdyk, Mark A. Borchardt, Heather Murphy
New capabilities in MT3D-USGS for simulating unsaturated-zone heat transport New capabilities in MT3D-USGS for simulating unsaturated-zone heat transport
Changes in climate and land use will alter groundwater heat transport dynamics in the future. These changes will in turn affect watershed processes (e.g., nutrient cycling) as well as watershed characteristics (e.g., distribution and persistence of cold-water habitat). Thus, groundwater flow and heat transport models at watershed scales that can characterize and quantify thermal impacts...
Authors
Eric D. Morway, Daniel T. Feinstein, Randall J. Hunt, Richard W. Healy
Assessment of conservation management practices on water quality and observed trends in the Plum Creek Basin, 2010–20 Assessment of conservation management practices on water quality and observed trends in the Plum Creek Basin, 2010–20
The U.S. Geological Survey and University of Wisconsin–Green Bay collected hydrologic and water-quality data to assess the effectiveness of agricultural conservation management practice (CMP) implementation at mainstem Plum Creek and west Plum Creek in northeastern Wisconsin. These two subbasins cover 88 percent of the Plum Creek Basin (Hydrologic Unit Code 12), which is a subbasin of...
Authors
Judy A. Horwatich, Kevin Fermanich, Matthew A. Pronschinske, Dale M. Robertson, Sarah Kussow, Luke C. Loken, Paul C. Reneau, Jeremy Freund, Matthew J. Komiskey
Simulation of groundwater flow at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin Simulation of groundwater flow at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant, Sauk County, Wisconsin
To help support remedial efforts at the former Badger Army Ammunition Plant the U.S. Geological Survey built and calibrated a transient groundwater flow model using the Newton Raphson formulation (MODFLOW–NWT) of the U.S. Geological Survey’s modular three-dimensional finite-difference code. The model simulates the groundwater flow system at the site from 1984 to 2020. The former Badger...
Authors
Megan J. Haserodt, Howard W. Reeves, Martha G. Nielsen, Laura A. Schachter, Nicholas T. Corson-Dosch, Daniel T. Feinstein
Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system Biogeochemical and hydrologic synergy control mercury fate in an arid land river-reservoir system
Reservoirs in arid landscapes provide critical water storage and hydroelectric power but influence the transport and biogeochemical cycling of mercury (Hg). Improved management of reservoirs to mitigate the supply and uptake of bioavailable methylmercury (MeHg) in aquatic food webs will benefit from a mechanistic understanding of inorganic divalent Hg (Hg(II)) and MeHg fate within and...
Authors
Brett Poulin, Michael T. Tate, Jacob M. Ogorek, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Austin K. Baldwin, Alysa Muir Yoder, Reed C. Harris, Jesse Naymik, Nick Gastelecutto, Charles Hoovestol, Christopher F. Larsen, Ralph Myers, George R. Aiken, David P. Krabbenhoft