WARC Researchers are studying carbon, water, and nutrient cycling in upper estuarine wetlands.
The Science Issue and Relevance: Upper estuarine wetlands along major rivers of the southeastern United States often transition from non-tidal/tidal freshwater forested wetlands to low salinity tidal marshes. Fluctuations in these boundaries have occurred for millennia, but rates of change have been altered by new processes (e.g., lower sedimentation, greater nutrients) associated with watershed disturbance over the past few centuries. These wetlands store large amounts of carbon (C) in wood, herbaceous vegetation, and soils, and it is important to understand not only the processes responsible for preserving C storage as watershed changes occur simultaneously, but also in how river management may be able to facilitate greater C sequestration in the future, especially on federal lands. Linking specific components of the C cycle among different upper estuarine wetland types with how those systems use water and nutrients is one way to understand this connection.
Methodologies for Addressing the Issue: For over 20 years, scientists have been studying soil and growth processes among different upper estuarine wetlands of the southeast. Sites along rivers in South Carolina and Georgia have been used to develop full ecosystem C budgets, and along with co-located nutrient flux and tree/stand water use studies (sap flow), we are beginning to understand how tightly connected processes are among coastal environments, such that small changes in delivery or flux of any component can disrupt ecosystem-scale processes to influence more rapid transition. Salinity influences can also restrict stand water use among coastal forested wetlands, and facilitate nutrient and C mineralization. Similar C budgets are being developed in Louisiana, and collaborations with a USGS science program in Virginia (Dr. Gregory B. Noe) have expanded project scope to four tidal rivers of the Chesapeake Bay.
Future Steps: We will continue to study C, water, and nutrient cycling in upper estuarine wetlands. We are actively developing a model of C and biogeochemical change (DeNitrification-DeComposition (DN-DC Model) Dr. Hongqing Wang, USGS) to apply to multiple upper estuaries that we are not currently studying and to ecosystem restoration scenarios that inform managers of their benefit. We are also expanding into new watersheds internationally through collaborations (Australia, New Zealand), and continue to communicate the important role upper estuaries can play in global “blue carbon” initiatives.
Below are publications associated with this project.
Modeling impacts of saltwater intrusion on methane and nitrous oxide emissions in tidal forested wetlands
Modeling impacts of drought-induced salinity intrusion on carbon dynamics in tidal freshwater forested wetlands
Watershed and estuarine controls both influence plant community and tree growth changes in tidal freshwater forested wetlands along two U.S. mid-Atlantic rivers
Small gradients in salinity have large effects on stand water use in freshwater wetland forests
Modeling soil porewater salinity response to drought in tidal freshwater forested wetlands
The role of the upper tidal estuary in wetland blue carbon storage and flux
Contemporary deposition and long-term accumulation of sediment and nutrients by tidal freshwater forested wetlands impacted by sea level rise
- Overview
WARC Researchers are studying carbon, water, and nutrient cycling in upper estuarine wetlands.
Sources/Usage: Some content may have restrictions. Visit Media to see details.Conceptualization of components of the carbon (C) budget for upper estuarine tidal wetlands, including aboveground standing stocks (CAG), belowground standing stocks (CBG), C mass balance (Cin − Cout), soil C burial (CB), and lateral C fluxes (CI/E) along with a photographic series from our representative (a) Upper, (b) Middle, (c) Lower, and (d) Marsh sites. Photographs depict general habitat appearances as tidal freshwater forested wetlands transition to oligohaline marshes with salinity change from fresh water (<0.5 psu) to oligohaline marsh (0.5–5.0 psu) along the Waccamaw and Savannah Rivers. Rc = canopy respiration; RRMR = soil rhizomicrobial respiration (including decomposition); RRR = root respiration; OM = organic matter. The Science Issue and Relevance: Upper estuarine wetlands along major rivers of the southeastern United States often transition from non-tidal/tidal freshwater forested wetlands to low salinity tidal marshes. Fluctuations in these boundaries have occurred for millennia, but rates of change have been altered by new processes (e.g., lower sedimentation, greater nutrients) associated with watershed disturbance over the past few centuries. These wetlands store large amounts of carbon (C) in wood, herbaceous vegetation, and soils, and it is important to understand not only the processes responsible for preserving C storage as watershed changes occur simultaneously, but also in how river management may be able to facilitate greater C sequestration in the future, especially on federal lands. Linking specific components of the C cycle among different upper estuarine wetland types with how those systems use water and nutrients is one way to understand this connection.
Methodologies for Addressing the Issue: For over 20 years, scientists have been studying soil and growth processes among different upper estuarine wetlands of the southeast. Sites along rivers in South Carolina and Georgia have been used to develop full ecosystem C budgets, and along with co-located nutrient flux and tree/stand water use studies (sap flow), we are beginning to understand how tightly connected processes are among coastal environments, such that small changes in delivery or flux of any component can disrupt ecosystem-scale processes to influence more rapid transition. Salinity influences can also restrict stand water use among coastal forested wetlands, and facilitate nutrient and C mineralization. Similar C budgets are being developed in Louisiana, and collaborations with a USGS science program in Virginia (Dr. Gregory B. Noe) have expanded project scope to four tidal rivers of the Chesapeake Bay.
Future Steps: We will continue to study C, water, and nutrient cycling in upper estuarine wetlands. We are actively developing a model of C and biogeochemical change (DeNitrification-DeComposition (DN-DC Model) Dr. Hongqing Wang, USGS) to apply to multiple upper estuaries that we are not currently studying and to ecosystem restoration scenarios that inform managers of their benefit. We are also expanding into new watersheds internationally through collaborations (Australia, New Zealand), and continue to communicate the important role upper estuaries can play in global “blue carbon” initiatives.
- Publications
Below are publications associated with this project.
Modeling impacts of saltwater intrusion on methane and nitrous oxide emissions in tidal forested wetlands
Emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils to the atmosphere can offset the benefits of carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation. While past study has suggested that both CH4 and N2O emissions from tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) are generally low, the impacts of coastal droughts and drought-induced saltwater intrusion on CH4 and N2O emissions remain unclear.AuthorsHongqing Wang, Zhaohua Dai, Ken Krauss, Carl C. Trettin, Gregory B. Noe, Andrew J. Burton, Eric WardModeling impacts of drought-induced salinity intrusion on carbon dynamics in tidal freshwater forested wetlands
Tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) provide critical ecosystem services including essential habitat for a variety of wildlife species and significant carbon sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, large uncertainties remain concerning the impacts of climate change on the magnitude and variability of carbon fluxes and storage across a range of TFFW. In this study, we developed a procesAuthorsHongqing Wang, Zhaohua Dai, Carl C. Trettin, Ken Krauss, Gregory B. Noe, Andrew J. Burton, Camille Stagg, Eric WardWatershed and estuarine controls both influence plant community and tree growth changes in tidal freshwater forested wetlands along two U.S. mid-Atlantic rivers
The tidal freshwater zone near the estuarine head-of-tide is potentially sensitive to both sea-level rise and associated salinity increases as well as changing watershed inputs of freshwater and nutrients. We evaluated the vegetation response of tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) to changes in nontidal river versus estuarine controls along the longitudinal gradient of the Mattaponi and PamuAuthorsGregory B. Noe, Norman A Bourg, Ken Krauss, Jamie A. Duberstein, Cliff R. HuppSmall gradients in salinity have large effects on stand water use in freshwater wetland forests
Salinity intrusion is responsible for changes to freshwater wetland watersheds globally, but little is known about how wetland water budgets might be influenced by small increments in salinity. We studied a forested wetland in South Carolina, USA, and installed sap flow probes on 72 trees/shrubs along a salinity gradient. Species investigated included the trees baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.]AuthorsJamie A. Duberstein, Ken Krauss, M.J. Baldwin, Scott T. Allen, William H. Conner, John S. Salter, Michael MiloshisModeling soil porewater salinity response to drought in tidal freshwater forested wetlands
There is a growing concern about the adverse effects of saltwater intrusion via tidal rivers, streams and creeks into tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) due to sea‐level rise (SLR) and intense and extended drought events. However, the magnitude and duration of porewater salinity in exceedance of plant salinity stress threshold (2 practical salinity units, psu) and the controlling factors reAuthorsHongqing Wang, Ken W. Krauss, Gregory B. Noe, Camille L. Stagg, Christopher M. Swarzenski, Jamie A. Duberstein, William H. Conner, Donald L. DeAngelisThe role of the upper tidal estuary in wetland blue carbon storage and flux
Carbon (C) standing stocks, C mass balance, and soil C burial in tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) and TFFW transitioning to low‐salinity marshes along the upper estuary are not typically included in “blue carbon” accounting, but may represent a significant C sink. Results from two salinity transects along the tidal Waccamaw and Savannah rivers of the US Atlantic Coast show total C standinAuthorsKen W. Krauss, Gregory B. Noe, Jamie A. Duberstein, William H. Conner, Camille L. Stagg, Nicole Cormier, Miriam C. Jones, Christopher E. Bernhardt, B. Graeme Lockaby, Andrew S. From, Thomas W. Doyle, Richard H. Day, Scott H. Ensign, Katherine N. Pierfelice, Cliff R. Hupp, Alex T. Chow, Julie L. WhitbeckContemporary deposition and long-term accumulation of sediment and nutrients by tidal freshwater forested wetlands impacted by sea level rise
Contemporary deposition (artificial marker horizon, 3.5 years) and long-term accumulation rates (210Pb profiles, ~150 years) of sediment and associated carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) were measured in wetlands along the tidal Savannah and Waccamaw rivers in the southeastern USA. Four sites along each river spanned an upstream-to-downstream salinification gradient, from upriver tidal fAuthorsGregory B. Noe, Cliff R. Hupp, Christopher E. Bernhardt, Ken W. Krauss