Data

The Laguna del Maule (LdM) volcanic field as mapped by Hildreth and others (2010) includes 36 postglacial rhyolite and rhyodacite coulees and domes that erupted from 24 separate vents that encircle the 54-km2 lake basin. Although recognizing that such effusive events commonly have accompanying explosive phases, pursuing downwind tephra studies into Argentina was not done then and the...

There are approximately 500 active geysers in Yellowstone National Park, USA, and the geysers in Upper Geyser Basin are some of the most iconic in the world. Between April 11 and 15, 2025, we attempted to quantify the volume of water erupting from several geysers in Upper Geyser Basin including Old Faithful, Beehive, Lion, Castle, Grand, Grotto and Riverside Geysers using a combination...

Samples for episodes 1–39 (2024-2025) of the 2024-ongoing episodic Halema‘uma‘u Kīlauea eruption were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) field teams from within publicly closed areas of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park in cooperation with the National Park Service. This data release presents sample metadata, whole rock ED-XRF, whole rock WD-XRF...

In 2012, the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) installed an array of zenith-pointing ultraviolet spectrometers to track gas emissions from summit of Kīlauea (Businger et al., 2015; Elias et al., 2018). The instruments are arranged in an arc perpendicular to the dominant trade-wind direction approximately 2 kilometers (km) southwest of the actively degassing...

This dataset includes major-, minor-, and trace-element analyses by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and trace-element analyses by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene minerals from scoria and lava samples from the Kamakaiʻa Hills of the Southwest Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano, Island of...

This data release contains an image and video catalog of the 2018 summit collapse and lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea volcano, on the Island of Hawaiʻi. An intrusion of magma into Kīlauea’s lower East Rift Zone resulted in a four-month-long eruption from May 3 to September 5, 2018 (Neal and others, 2018). The eruption produced lava flows that covered an area of 35.5 square...

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates are a fundamental measurement for the study and monitoring of active volcanoes. Such emissions inform scientists about the level of volcanic activity or unrest, and they also present a hazard to surrounding populations. Here we present a continuation of a long-term dataset collected by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory for over four decades using UV...

Temporal changes in gravity, also called microgravity in volcano geodesy and exploration geophysics applications, provide a means of measuring mass change beneath the surface—for example, due to the accumulation or withdrawal of water, magma, or other fluids. Relative spring-based gravimeters, however, require calibration to establish consistency between instruments, and to assess...

Paleomagnetic samples were taken at 194 sites on Hualalai Volcano to obtain characteristic mean remanent magnetic directions using a standard protocol (McElhinny, 1973). Eight (8) to twelve (12) cores were taken at each site with a portable, water-cooled, diamond-coring drill, and oriented in the field exclusively with a suncompass. Measurements were conducted on both a spinner...

This dataset contains Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations acquired during the 2024–2025 diking episode along the Fentale-Dofen segment of the Ethiopian Rift. The data were collected to image ground deformation associated with magmatic intrusion and faulting processes in an active rift system. The dataset includes wrapped interferograms measuring line-of-sight...

We measured soil CO2 fluxes on grids with the accumulation chamber method on July 15-17, 2021, September 10, 2022, and May 6-7, 2025, at Mud Volcano, an acid-sulfate, vapor-dominated area in Yellowstone National Park, WY. We also monitored variations in CO2, H2O and sensible and latent heat fluxes, air temperature and pressure, and wind speed and direction on a half-hourly basis from...

Understanding the eruptive histories and petrogenetic models that underpin hazard assessments at active volcanoes typically requires high-precision ages for late Pleistocene to Holocene lava flows. These data vary in quality, typically related to textural and chemical variations in lava flow samples. These samples were part of an existing 40Ar/39Ar dataset for andesitic-dacitic rocks...