Data

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates are a fundamental measurement for the study and monitoring of active volcanoes. Such emissions inform scientists about the level of volcanic activity or unrest, and they also present a hazard to surrounding populations. Here we present a continuation of a long-term dataset collected by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory for over four decades using UV...

Temporal changes in gravity, also called microgravity in volcano geodesy and exploration geophysics applications, provide a means of measuring mass change beneath the surface—for example, due to the accumulation or withdrawal of water, magma, or other fluids. Relative spring-based gravimeters, however, require calibration to establish consistency between instruments, and to assess...

Paleomagnetic samples were taken at 194 sites on Hualalai Volcano to obtain characteristic mean remanent magnetic directions using a standard protocol (McElhinny, 1973). Eight (8) to twelve (12) cores were taken at each site with a portable, water-cooled, diamond-coring drill, and oriented in the field exclusively with a suncompass. Measurements were conducted on both a spinner...

This dataset contains Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations acquired during the 2024–2025 diking episode along the Fentale-Dofen segment of the Ethiopian Rift. The data were collected to image ground deformation associated with magmatic intrusion and faulting processes in an active rift system. The dataset includes wrapped interferograms measuring line-of-sight...

We measured soil CO2 fluxes on grids with the accumulation chamber method on July 15-17, 2021, September 10, 2022, and May 6-7, 2025, at Mud Volcano, an acid-sulfate, vapor-dominated area in Yellowstone National Park, WY. We also monitored variations in CO2, H2O and sensible and latent heat fluxes, air temperature and pressure, and wind speed and direction on a half-hourly basis from...

Understanding the eruptive histories and petrogenetic models that underpin hazard assessments at active volcanoes typically requires high-precision ages for late Pleistocene to Holocene lava flows. These data vary in quality, typically related to textural and chemical variations in lava flow samples. These samples were part of an existing 40Ar/39Ar dataset for andesitic-dacitic rocks...

This data release contains data collected during campaign Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS; formerly only the Global Positioning System or GPS) surveys conducted at Newberry Volcano. A survey in any given year may contain data from a subset of established sites depending on access, personnel, and the condition of the GNSS monument. For each site, we include raw data in binary or...

This data release contains data collected during campaign Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS; formerly only the Global Positioning System or GPS) surveys conducted at Mount Hood. A survey in any given year may contain data from a subset of established sites depending on access, personnel, and the condition of the GNSS monument. For each site, we include raw data in binary or...

Data release for the output of infrasound propagation modeling for the August 18th, 1992 eruption of Mount Spurr.

Observations of locations where the August 18th, 1992 eruption of Mount Spurr was heard and not heard around Alaska.

We present the results of 14C age analysis of samples collected during multiple projects that are part of an ongoing, joint initiative of the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Disaster Assistance Program with the Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico and Instituto Geofísico del Perú. These projects are part of a wider effort to better understand Peru’s many volcanoes and provide baseline...

This dataset contains InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) time series data of the deformation state of Mauna Loa from 2015 to 2024. There are four total InSAR timeseries: A descending orbital perspective from 2015 to 2022 created using LiCSBAS (HI_filt_des.h5) A ascending orbital persepctive from 2015 to 2022 created using LiCSBAS (HI_filt_asc.h5) A descending orbital...