I am a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, stationed in Lakewood, CO. I received my Ph.D. in geology from the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, CO in 1994 and have worked full-time as a geologist for the USGS in Denver since then.
My work involves creation of geologic maps and digital three-dimensional geologic models for framework geologic and hydrogeologic studies. I work in the western US, primarily in CA, NV, UT, and NM. In the past decade, I have been the lead within USGS Geologic Discipline with work on several major water resource-related projects in Nevada, Utah, and California, in collaboration with colleagues in the USGS Water Mission Area. I also conduct geologic mapping studies in California with USGS staff in Menlo Park; I have worked on the evolution of volcanic fields and sedimentary basins in response to the development through time of the San Andreas and related faults. I have also used subsurface geologic mapping to address groundwater-based issues in northern and central California.
Current research projects
Geologic maps and 3D geologic framework models of the western US I am involved in multiple projects that are creating geologic maps and 3D geologic framework models in the western US, funded by the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program.
Groundwater availability studies in California groundwater basins. I am creating digital 3D hydrogeologic framework models that portray the geometry and lithologic variability (a proxy for inferring hydraulic properties) of hydrostratigraphic units for input into numerical ground-water flow models. (work conducted with USGS CA WSC).
National Geologic Synthesis. I am compiling data and developing methods for mapping subsurface geology at regional and National scales funded by the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program.
Professional Experience
October 2013 – present Research Geologist, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, USGS, Denver
October, 1999—October, 2013 Research Geologist, Central Mineral Resources, USGS, Denver
October, 1994—September, 1999 Geologist, Yucca Mountain Project Branch, USGS, Denver
Education and Certifications
Ph.D., 1994, in Geology with minor in geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines Golden, CO
M.S., 1986, in Geology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
B.A., 1981, in Geology with minors in chemistry and physics, Western State College, Gunnison, CO
Science and Products
National 3D Geology
National Geologic Synthesis
Geologic Framework of the Intermountain West
Geologic Mapping in the Southern Pacific Border and Sierras provinces, California
Digital data from previous USGS hydrogeologic studies of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States
Bedrock geologic map database for the Durango 1-degree x 2-degree quadrangle, southern Colorado: Contributions to the National Geologic Map
Digital database of structure contour and isopach maps of multiple subsurface units, Michigan and Illinois Basins, USA
Digital hydrogeologic framework model of the Upper Colorado River Basin, western U.S.
An inventory of subsurface geologic data: structure contour and isopach datasets
Digital subsurface database of elevation point data and structure contour maps of multiple subsurface units, Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana, USA
Surface and subsurface geologic data from previous USGS studies of the Gulf Coast region, south-central United States
Hydrogeologic Framework data and models for the Eel River groundwater basin, Humboldt County, California
Digital database of previously published subsurface unit tops from a 3D Model of the Anadarko Basin Province
Digital data from previous USGS hydrogeologic studies of the Gulf Coast region, south-central United States
Hydrogeologic data of the Russian River Watershed, Sonoma and Mendocino Counties, California (ver. 1.1, July 2023)
Digital data for the Salinas Valley Geological Framework, California
Aeromagnetic map of northeastern California
Geologic and geophysical maps of the Santa Maria and part of the Point Conception 30'×60' quadrangles, California


An inventory of three-dimensional geologic models—U.S. Geological Survey, 2004–22
Development of an integrated hydrologic flow model of the Rio San Jose Basin and surrounding areas, New Mexico
The National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program’s U.S. GeoFramework Initiative — Delivering a digital database of geologic map information by 2030
The Seamless Integrated Geologic Mapping (SIGMa) extension to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS)
Hydrologic and geochemical characterization of the Petaluma River watershed, Sonoma County, California
Hydrogeologic characterization of the San Antonio Creek Valley watershed, Santa Barbara County, California
Implementation plan of the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program strategy—Great Lakes (Central Lowland and Superior Upland Physiographic Provinces)
Mesilla / Conejos-Médanos Basin: U.S.-Mexico transboundary water resources and research needs
Hypogenic karst of the Great Basin
Implementation plan for the southern Pacific Border and Sierra-Cascade Mountains provinces
Influence of pre-existing structure on pluton emplacement and geomorphology: The Merrimac plutons, northern Sierra Nevada, California (USA)
Status of three-dimensional geological mapping and modeling activities in the U.S. Geological Survey
USGS 3D Geologic Model Inventory
This Webapp can be used to visualize and explore the inventory of published USGS 3D geological models.
Science and Products
- Science
National 3D Geology
Water, energy, mineral resource assessments, and hazard and land-use assessments are central to the USGS mission and increasingly rely on subsurface information and 3D geologic models. There are also many emerging societal issues in which 3D geology becomes increasingly relevant, including assessment of brackish groundwater resources, unconventional oil and gas plays, geothermal systems...National Geologic Synthesis
The National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program (NCGMP) Strategic Plan of 2020 calls for the creation of a “variable-scale, national, integrated 2D and 3D geologic-framework model that enables the seamless construction of geologic maps within user-defined regions of interest across the United States by the year 2030” (USGS Open-File Report 2021-1013*). Congress recently directed NCGMP to “bring...Geologic Framework of the Intermountain West
The Geologic Framework of the Intermountain West project was launched with the goal of producing a new digital geologic map database and 3D geologic model of a transect from the Rio Grande rift to the Basin and Range, based on a synthesis of existing geologic maps with new targeted new mapping, subsurface data, and other data sets. This database will integrate disparate map data, resolve...Geologic Mapping in the Southern Pacific Border and Sierras provinces, California
This project uses geologic and geophysical mapping to build an earth-science framework for scientific investigations that include assessments of critical resources, such as groundwater, and of hazards, such as those resulting from earthquakes, in California west of and including the Sierra Nevada and Cascade arc. Questions of particular interest include: What are the geometries, slip rates, and... - Data
Filter Total Items: 27
Digital data from previous USGS hydrogeologic studies of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States
This dataset captures in digital form previously published maps showing the inferred extent and subsurface elevation of several Paleozoic consolidated rock units in the northern Midwest of the United States. Data released here were published as figures within a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Mission Area report documenting results from a study of the regional hydrogeology and ground-water quaBedrock geologic map database for the Durango 1-degree x 2-degree quadrangle, southern Colorado: Contributions to the National Geologic Map
This data release presents geologic map data for the bedrock geology of the Durango 1-degree by 2-degree quadrangle. Geologic mapping incorporates new interpretive contributions and compilation from published geologic map data sources primarily ranging from 1:24,000 to 1:50,000 scale. Much of the geology incorporated from published geologic maps is adjusted based on digital elevation model and natDigital database of structure contour and isopach maps of multiple subsurface units, Michigan and Illinois Basins, USA
This digital data release presents contour data from multiple subsurface geologic horizons as presented in previously published summaries of the regional subsurface configuration of the Michigan and Illinois Basins. The original maps that served as the source of the digital data within this geodatabase are from the Geological Society of America’s Decade of North American Geology project series, “TDigital hydrogeologic framework model of the Upper Colorado River Basin, western U.S.
This digital dataset was created as part of a U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic resource assessment and development of an integrated numerical hydrologic model of the hydrologic system of the Upper Colorado River Basin, an extensive region covering approximately 412,000 square kilometers in five states: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. As part of this larger study, the USGS develoAn inventory of subsurface geologic data: structure contour and isopach datasets
Under the direction and funding of the National Cooperative Mapping Program with guidance and encouragement from the United States Geological Survey (USGS), a digital database of three-dimensional (3D) vector data, displayed as two-dimensional (2D) data-extent bounding polygons. This geodatabase is to act as a virtual and digital inventory of 3D structure contour and isopach vector data for the USDigital subsurface database of elevation point data and structure contour maps of multiple subsurface units, Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana, USA
This digital data release presents subsurface data from multiple geologic units that were part of a previous study of the regional subsurface structural configuration of the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana. The original data within this geodatabase is sourced from an unpublished doctoral dissertation by Jessie Melick at Montana State University (Melick, 2013). Data contained in this releSurface and subsurface geologic data from previous USGS studies of the Gulf Coast region, south-central United States
This dataset captures in digital form the results of previously published U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Mission Area studies related to water resource assessment of Cenozoic strata and unconsolidated deposits within the Mississippi Embayment and the Gulf Coastal Plain of the south-central United States. The data are from reports published from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s by the Gulf CoasHydrogeologic Framework data and models for the Eel River groundwater basin, Humboldt County, California
This data release contains a geospatial database related to a digital 3D hydrogeologic framework model (3D HFM) of the Eel River Valley groundwater basin, California. The geospatial database contains two main data elements: (1) input data to the 3D HFM; (2) interpolated elevations and thicknesses of hydrogeologic units as a cellular array, which are a spatial representation of the 3D HFM results.Digital database of previously published subsurface unit tops from a 3D Model of the Anadarko Basin Province
This digital data release contains gridded elevation surfaces for twenty-six (26) subsurface horizons, a grid of the estimated thickness of strata eroded during the Cenozoic, and fault traces at the level of the Precambrian surface from a previously published 3D geologic model of the Anadarko Basin Province (Higley and others, 2014). In the original release of the 3D model, elevation surfaces wereDigital data from previous USGS hydrogeologic studies of the Gulf Coast region, south-central United States
This dataset captures in digital form the results of previously published U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Mission Area studies related to water resource assessment of Cenozoic strata and unconsolidated deposits within the Mississippi Embayment and the Gulf Coastal Plain of the south-central United States. The data are from reports published from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s by the Gulf CoasHydrogeologic data of the Russian River Watershed, Sonoma and Mendocino Counties, California (ver. 1.1, July 2023)
This data release contains digital data generated by the U.S. Geological Survey under cooperative agreements with Sonoma County Water Agency and the California State Water Resources Control Board to characterize the three-dimensional hydrogeology and water quality of the Russian River Watershed, located in the northern part of the California Coast Ranges section of the Pacific Border province. ThiDigital data for the Salinas Valley Geological Framework, California
This digital dataset was created as part of a U.S. Geological Survey study, done in cooperation with the Monterey County Water Resource Agency, to conduct a hydrologic resource assessment and develop an integrated numerical hydrologic model of the hydrologic system of Salinas Valley, CA. As part of this larger study, the USGS developed this digital dataset of geologic data and three-dimensional hy - Maps
Aeromagnetic map of northeastern California
Aeromagnetic surveys were conducted to improve understanding of the geology and structure in northeastern California, a region predominantly covered by Quaternary and Tertiary, mainly Neogene, volcanic rocks including Medicine Lake volcano. New aeromagnetic data are a substantial improvement over existing data and reveal structural details not resolved by older surveys. Here we show how these dataGeologic and geophysical maps of the Santa Maria and part of the Point Conception 30'×60' quadrangles, California
This report presents digital geologic, gravity, and aeromagnetic maps for the onshore parts of the Santa Maria and Point Conception 30'x60' quadrangles at a compilation scale of 1:100,000. The map depicts the distribution of bedrock units, surficial deposits, paleontological data, geophysical data and structural features in the Santa Maria basin and the Santa Ynez Mountains to the south, an area cByNatural Hazards Mission Area, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Energy Resources Program, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Central Energy Resources Science Center, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center - Multimedia
Digital data for three-dimensional geologic framework model of the Rio San Jose groundwater basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey data release (Sweetkind and others, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MPAGA7)Three-dimensional (3D) geologic framework model of the Rio San Jose groundwater basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MPAGA7
- Publications
Filter Total Items: 49
An inventory of three-dimensional geologic models—U.S. Geological Survey, 2004–22
A database of spatial footprints and characteristics of three-dimensional geological models that were constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey between 2004 and 2022 was compiled as part of ongoing development of subsurface geologic information by the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program. This initial inventory resulted in the compilation of 38 three-dimensional geological models thaAuthorsDonald S. Sweetkind, Kristine L. ZellmanDevelopment of an integrated hydrologic flow model of the Rio San Jose Basin and surrounding areas, New Mexico
The Rio San Jose Integrated Hydrologic Model (RSJIHM) was developed to provide a tool for analyzing the hydrologic system response to historical water use and potential changes in water supplies and demands in the Rio San Jose Basin. The study area encompasses about 6,300 square miles in west-central New Mexico and includes the communities of Grants, Bluewater, and San Rafael and three Native AmerAuthorsAndre B. Ritchie, Shaleene B. Chavarria, Amy E. Galanter, Allison K. Flickinger, Andrew J. Robertson, Donald S. SweetkindThe National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program’s U.S. GeoFramework Initiative — Delivering a digital database of geologic map information by 2030
The U.S. Geological Survey's National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program's U.S. GeoFramework Initiative responds to Congressional direction to implement the National Geologic Map Database Phase Three. The U.S. GeoFramework Initiative aims to create and deliver a new digital geologic framework of the United States by 2030. This Fact Sheet outlines the collaborations needed and plans taken to achiAuthorsJenna L. Shelton, William Andrews, Joseph Colgan, Samuel Johnstone, David R. Soller, Richard Berg, Donald S. Sweetkind, Kristine L. Zellman, John Brock, Kate RitzelThe Seamless Integrated Geologic Mapping (SIGMa) extension to the Geologic Map Schema (GeMS)
Geologic maps are the fundamental building blocks of surface and subsurface three-dimensional geologic framework models of the Earth’s crust. However, as the production and availability of geologic map databases continues to increase, inconsistent data models and the lack of synthesized, national geologic map data at scales appropriate for informed decision making negatively affect the functionalAuthorsKenzie J. Turner, Jeremiah B. Workman, Joseph Colgan, Amy K. Gilmer, Margaret E. Berry, Samuel Johnstone, Kathleen F. Warrell, Marieke Dechesne, D. Paco VanSistine, Ren A. Thompson, Adam M. Hudson, Kristine L. Zellman, Donald S. Sweetkind, Chester A. RulemanHydrologic and geochemical characterization of the Petaluma River watershed, Sonoma County, California
Executive SummaryThe objectives of the study are to (1) develop an updated assessment of the hydrogeology and geochemistry of the Petaluma valley watershed (PVW) and (2) develop an integrated hydrologic model for the PVW. The purpose of this report is to describe the conceptual model of the hydrologic, hydrogeologic, and water-quality characteristics of the PVW and a numerical groundwater-flow modAuthorsJonathan A. Traum, Nicholas F. Teague, Donald S. Sweetkind, Tracy NishikawaHydrogeologic characterization of the San Antonio Creek Valley watershed, Santa Barbara County, California
The San Antonio Creek Valley watershed (SACVW) is located in western Santa Barbara County, about 15 miles south of Santa Maria and 55 miles north of Santa Barbara, California. The SACVW is about 135 square miles and encompasses the San Antonio Creek Valley groundwater basin; the SACVW is separated from adjacent groundwater basins by the Casmalia and Solomon Hills to the north, and the Purisima HilAuthorsGeoffrey Cromwell, Donald S. Sweetkind, Jill N. Densmore, John A. Engott, Whitney A. Seymour, Joshua Larsen, Christopher P. Ely, Christina L. Stamos, Claudia C. FauntImplementation plan of the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program strategy—Great Lakes (Central Lowland and Superior Upland Physiographic Provinces)
IntroductionThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program (NCGMP) has published a strategic plan entitled “Renewing the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program as the Nation’s Authoritative Source for Modern Geologic Knowledge”. This plan provides the following vision, mission, and goals for the program for the years 2020–30:Vision: create an integrated, thrAuthorsChristopher S. Swezey, Charles D. Blome, Kevin A. Kincare, Scott C. Lundstrom, Byron D. Stone, Donald S. Sweetkind, Richard C. Berg, Steven E. Brown, John A. YellichMesilla / Conejos-Médanos Basin: U.S.-Mexico transboundary water resources and research needs
Synthesizing binational data to characterize shared water resources is critical to informing binational management. This work uses binational hydrogeology and water resource data in the Mesilla/Conejos-Médanos Basin (Basin) to describe the hydrologic conceptual model and identify potential research that could help inform sustainable management. The Basin aquifer is primarily composed of continuousAuthorsAndrew J. Robertson, Anne-Marie Matherne, Jeff D. Pepin, Andre B. Ritchie, Donald S. Sweetkind, Andrew Teeple, Alfredo Granados Olivas, Ana Cristina García Vásquez, Kenneth C. Carroll, Erek H. Fuchs, Amy E. GalanterHypogenic karst of the Great Basin
Discoveries in the 1980s greatly expanded speleologists’ understanding of the role that hypogenic groundwater flow can play in developing caves at depth. Ascending groundwater charged with carbon dioxide and, especially, hydrogen sulfide can readily dissolve carbonate bedrock just below and above the water table. Sulfuric acid speleogenesis, in which anoxic, rising, sulfidic groundwater mixes withAuthorsLouise D. Hose, Harvey R. DuChene, Daniel Jones, Gretchen M. Baker, Zoe Havlena, Donald S. Sweetkind, Doug PowellImplementation plan for the southern Pacific Border and Sierra-Cascade Mountains provinces
IntroductionThe National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program (NCGMP) is publishing a strategic plan titled Renewing the National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program as the Nation’s Authoritative Source for Modern Geologic Knowledge (Brock and others, in press). The plan provides a vision, mission, and goals for the program during the years 2020–2030, which are:Vision.—Create an integrated, threeAuthorsVictoria E. Langenheim, Russell W. Graymer, Robert E. Powell, Kevin M. Schmidt, Donald S. SweetkindInfluence of pre-existing structure on pluton emplacement and geomorphology: The Merrimac plutons, northern Sierra Nevada, California (USA)
In much of the western Cordillera of North America, the geologic framework of crustal structure generated in the Mesozoic leaves an imprint on later plutonic emplacement, subsequent structural setting, and present landscape morphology. The Merrimac plutons in the northern Sierra Nevada (California, USA) are a good example of the influence of pre-existing structure at a larger scale. This paper updAuthorsVictoria Langenheim, Jorge A. Vazquez, Kevin M. Schmidt, Giovanni Jr. Guglielmo, Donald S. SweetkindStatus of three-dimensional geological mapping and modeling activities in the U.S. Geological Survey
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), created in 1879, is the national geological survey for the United States and the sole science agency within its cabinet-level bureau, the Department of the Interior. The USGS has a broad mission, including: serving the Nation by providing reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasterAuthorsDonald S. Sweetkind, Russell Graymer, D. K. Higley, Oliver S. Boyd - Web Tools
USGS 3D Geologic Model Inventory
This Webapp can be used to visualize and explore the inventory of published USGS 3D geological models.