Science crew aboard R/V Marcus G. Langseth. Ray Sliter (Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center) and Deb Hutchison (Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center) shown at far left.
The USGS Law of the Sea project helps to determine the outer limits of the extended continental shelf (ECS) of the United States. The ECS is that portion of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. It is an important maritime zone that holds many resources and vital habitats for marine life. Its size may exceed one million square kilometers, encompassing areas in the Arctic, Atlantic, Bering Sea, Gulf of Mexico, western Pacific, and Pacific west coast. USGS provides geologic measurements and research to help define the ECS collaboratively with the Department of State, NOAA, and other federal agencies.
The Law of the Sea project integrates science and law. Article 76 of the Law of the Sea Convention sets forth rules for determining the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (M). Defining the outer limits of the ECS is necessary for determining the exact extent of the area within which the United States exercises its sovereign rights and jurisdiction. The size of the U.S. ECS is roughly 1 million square kilometers, more than twice the area of the state of California. The resources in the U.S. ECS are worth many billions if not trillions of dollars.
Why study the ECS?
The United States, like other countries, has an inherent interest in knowing, and declaring to others, the exact extent of its ECS and thus the sovereign rights it is entitled to exercise in this part of the ocean. Defining those limits in concrete geographical terms provides the specificity and certainty necessary to protect, manage, and use the resources of the ECS. The collection and analysis of the data necessary to establish the outer limits of the U.S. ECS also provides a better scientific understanding of our continental margins. Department of State ECS FAQ
The USGS conducts research to provide geologic framework, seafloor processes, and sediment thickness measurements to identify and establish the outer limits of the U.S. ECS. With its national knowledge and expertise of the U.S. continental margins, USGS has responsibility for developing a database of sediment thickness and continental margin geology, assessing existing data, and developing scientific research opportunities. USGS conducts complex, lengthy field experiments in the regions beyond 200 M. USGS also advises the Department of State about the possible geologic criteria used by other coastal States to identify their ECS limits. Finally, this project includes a task to investigate the mineral resource potential of the U.S. EEZ and ECS. USGS studies help enable the federal government to make informed decisions relating to boundary negotiations, resource development, and resource conservation in the deep-water areas of the U.S. continental margins, including those beyond 200 M.
For this project, USGS works within the framework of a federal interagency U.S. ECS Task Force, chaired by the Department of State and co-vice-chaired by NOAA and Department of the Interior. The Task Force approves project goals and work plans that are developed by the three cooperating agencies.
USGS has led or participated in ten field programs in four regions to collect seismic reflection data to support delineation of the U.S. ECS. Because of the absence of seismic data in the area north of Alaska, the Arctic Ocean represents the largest seismic effort of the project (~17,000 km of seismic track data, collected collaboratively with the Geological Survey of Canada during six field programs in remote ice-covered areas). The Atlantic required the second largest effort (two field programs, ~5400 km of seismic track data). The Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska each required one field effort, collecting ~3000 km of data in each region.
The USGS Law of the Sea project is a programmatic effort by the Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program (CMHRP), involving participants from the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC), the Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (PCMSC), the Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center, and as well as the CMHRP Program Office. From 2002 through 2022, WHCMSC is home base for the active project. From 2023, Law of the Sea activity continues as a task within the USGS Global Marine Minerals project, based within PCMSC.
Below are other scientific efforts related to this project
Global Marine Mineral Resources
Delineating the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf
Below are data products associated with this project.
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Sediment Laboratory
The Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Sediment Analysis Laboratory is a resource that performs analyses relating to grain size, mineralogy, composition, and sedimentary character of samples collected by WHCMSC researchers and their partners using state of the art techniques and analytical equipment.
Marine magnetic data from twelve cruises of Pioneer and Rehoboth in 1955 and 1956 off British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California
Multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter from the Alaskan region, Extended Continental Shelf Project, 2011 field season: Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea
Detrital zircon geochronology and geochemistry data from the seafloor of the Bering Sea and adjacent river systems
Geophysical data collected along the Atlantic Continental Slope and Rise 2014, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2014-011-FA, Cruise MGL1407
National Archive of Marine Seismic Surveys (NAMSS: A USGS data website of marine seismic reflection data within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
Below are multimedia items associated with this project.
Science crew aboard R/V Marcus G. Langseth. Ray Sliter (Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center) and Deb Hutchison (Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center) shown at far left.
Four airgun arrays towed behind R/V Marcus G. Langseth.
Four airgun arrays towed behind R/V Marcus G. Langseth.
R/V Marcus G. Langseth in port in Charleston, SC.
R/V Marcus G. Langseth in port in Charleston, SC.
R/V Marcus G. Langseth entering NY Harbor
R/V Marcus G. Langseth entering NY Harbor
Airgun array aboard R/V Marcus G. Langseth
Airgun array aboard R/V Marcus G. Langseth
Snowy owl visitor to CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in the Arctic Ocean
Snowy owl visitor to CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in the Arctic Ocean
Breaking ice in the Arctic ocean with the Canadian ice breaker Louis St. Laurent out in front. Taken atop the bridge over the bow of the Coast Guard Cutter Healy
Breaking ice in the Arctic ocean with the Canadian ice breaker Louis St. Laurent out in front. Taken atop the bridge over the bow of the Coast Guard Cutter Healy
Ice conditions in the Arctic from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.
Ice conditions in the Arctic from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.
Deploying the airgun array from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent. USCGC Healy can be seen in the background.
Deploying the airgun array from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent. USCGC Healy can be seen in the background.
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent following the path created by USCGC Healy
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent following the path created by USCGC Healy
Protected Species Observer aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Protected Species Observer aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Seismic Lab aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Seismic Lab aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
U.S. and Canadian two icebreaker collaboration in the Arctic Ocean. Flags flying from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.
U.S. and Canadian two icebreaker collaboration in the Arctic Ocean. Flags flying from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.
Protected Species Observer aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Protected Species Observer aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Launching a sonobuoy receiver off the end of CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Launching a sonobuoy receiver off the end of CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Below are publications associated with this project.
Continental shelves as detrital mixers: U-Pb and Lu-Hf detrital zircon provenance of the Pleistocene–Holocene Bering Sea and its margins
Multiple melt source origin of the Line Islands (Pacific Ocean)
The role of pre-magmatic rifting in shaping a volcanic continental margin: An example from the Eastern North American Margin
Changes in sediment source areas to the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, over the past 5.5 million years based on radiogenic isotopes (Sr, Nd, Pb) of detritus from ferromanganese crusts
Refining the formation and early evolution of the Eastern North American Margin: New insights from multiscale magnetic anomaly analyses
Significance of northeast-trending features in Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean
Arctic deep-water ferromanganese-oxide deposits reflect the unique characteristics of the Arctic Ocean
Formation of Fe-Mn crusts within a continental margin environment
Processes of multibathyal aragonite undersaturation in the Arctic Ocean
Sources, distributions and dynamics of dissolved organic matter in the Canada and Makarov Basins
Marine phosphorites as potential resources for heavy rare earth elements and yttrium
Submarine landslides in Arctic sedimentation: Canada Basin
The USGS Law of the Sea project helps to determine the outer limits of the extended continental shelf (ECS) of the United States. The ECS is that portion of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. It is an important maritime zone that holds many resources and vital habitats for marine life. Its size may exceed one million square kilometers, encompassing areas in the Arctic, Atlantic, Bering Sea, Gulf of Mexico, western Pacific, and Pacific west coast. USGS provides geologic measurements and research to help define the ECS collaboratively with the Department of State, NOAA, and other federal agencies.
The Law of the Sea project integrates science and law. Article 76 of the Law of the Sea Convention sets forth rules for determining the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (M). Defining the outer limits of the ECS is necessary for determining the exact extent of the area within which the United States exercises its sovereign rights and jurisdiction. The size of the U.S. ECS is roughly 1 million square kilometers, more than twice the area of the state of California. The resources in the U.S. ECS are worth many billions if not trillions of dollars.
Why study the ECS?
The United States, like other countries, has an inherent interest in knowing, and declaring to others, the exact extent of its ECS and thus the sovereign rights it is entitled to exercise in this part of the ocean. Defining those limits in concrete geographical terms provides the specificity and certainty necessary to protect, manage, and use the resources of the ECS. The collection and analysis of the data necessary to establish the outer limits of the U.S. ECS also provides a better scientific understanding of our continental margins. Department of State ECS FAQ
The USGS conducts research to provide geologic framework, seafloor processes, and sediment thickness measurements to identify and establish the outer limits of the U.S. ECS. With its national knowledge and expertise of the U.S. continental margins, USGS has responsibility for developing a database of sediment thickness and continental margin geology, assessing existing data, and developing scientific research opportunities. USGS conducts complex, lengthy field experiments in the regions beyond 200 M. USGS also advises the Department of State about the possible geologic criteria used by other coastal States to identify their ECS limits. Finally, this project includes a task to investigate the mineral resource potential of the U.S. EEZ and ECS. USGS studies help enable the federal government to make informed decisions relating to boundary negotiations, resource development, and resource conservation in the deep-water areas of the U.S. continental margins, including those beyond 200 M.
For this project, USGS works within the framework of a federal interagency U.S. ECS Task Force, chaired by the Department of State and co-vice-chaired by NOAA and Department of the Interior. The Task Force approves project goals and work plans that are developed by the three cooperating agencies.
USGS has led or participated in ten field programs in four regions to collect seismic reflection data to support delineation of the U.S. ECS. Because of the absence of seismic data in the area north of Alaska, the Arctic Ocean represents the largest seismic effort of the project (~17,000 km of seismic track data, collected collaboratively with the Geological Survey of Canada during six field programs in remote ice-covered areas). The Atlantic required the second largest effort (two field programs, ~5400 km of seismic track data). The Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska each required one field effort, collecting ~3000 km of data in each region.
The USGS Law of the Sea project is a programmatic effort by the Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program (CMHRP), involving participants from the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC), the Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (PCMSC), the Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center, and as well as the CMHRP Program Office. From 2002 through 2022, WHCMSC is home base for the active project. From 2023, Law of the Sea activity continues as a task within the USGS Global Marine Minerals project, based within PCMSC.
Below are other scientific efforts related to this project
Global Marine Mineral Resources
Delineating the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf
Below are data products associated with this project.
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Sediment Laboratory
The Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center Sediment Analysis Laboratory is a resource that performs analyses relating to grain size, mineralogy, composition, and sedimentary character of samples collected by WHCMSC researchers and their partners using state of the art techniques and analytical equipment.
Marine magnetic data from twelve cruises of Pioneer and Rehoboth in 1955 and 1956 off British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California
Multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter from the Alaskan region, Extended Continental Shelf Project, 2011 field season: Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea
Detrital zircon geochronology and geochemistry data from the seafloor of the Bering Sea and adjacent river systems
Geophysical data collected along the Atlantic Continental Slope and Rise 2014, U.S. Geological Survey Field Activity 2014-011-FA, Cruise MGL1407
National Archive of Marine Seismic Surveys (NAMSS: A USGS data website of marine seismic reflection data within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
Below are multimedia items associated with this project.
Science crew aboard R/V Marcus G. Langseth. Ray Sliter (Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center) and Deb Hutchison (Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center) shown at far left.
Science crew aboard R/V Marcus G. Langseth. Ray Sliter (Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center) and Deb Hutchison (Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center) shown at far left.
Four airgun arrays towed behind R/V Marcus G. Langseth.
Four airgun arrays towed behind R/V Marcus G. Langseth.
R/V Marcus G. Langseth in port in Charleston, SC.
R/V Marcus G. Langseth in port in Charleston, SC.
R/V Marcus G. Langseth entering NY Harbor
R/V Marcus G. Langseth entering NY Harbor
Airgun array aboard R/V Marcus G. Langseth
Airgun array aboard R/V Marcus G. Langseth
Snowy owl visitor to CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in the Arctic Ocean
Snowy owl visitor to CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent in the Arctic Ocean
Breaking ice in the Arctic ocean with the Canadian ice breaker Louis St. Laurent out in front. Taken atop the bridge over the bow of the Coast Guard Cutter Healy
Breaking ice in the Arctic ocean with the Canadian ice breaker Louis St. Laurent out in front. Taken atop the bridge over the bow of the Coast Guard Cutter Healy
Ice conditions in the Arctic from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.
Ice conditions in the Arctic from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.
Deploying the airgun array from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent. USCGC Healy can be seen in the background.
Deploying the airgun array from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent. USCGC Healy can be seen in the background.
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent following the path created by USCGC Healy
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent following the path created by USCGC Healy
Protected Species Observer aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Protected Species Observer aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Seismic Lab aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Seismic Lab aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
U.S. and Canadian two icebreaker collaboration in the Arctic Ocean. Flags flying from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.
U.S. and Canadian two icebreaker collaboration in the Arctic Ocean. Flags flying from CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.
Protected Species Observer aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Protected Species Observer aboard CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Launching a sonobuoy receiver off the end of CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Launching a sonobuoy receiver off the end of CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent
Below are publications associated with this project.