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Beth A Middleton, Ph. D.

Beth Middleton is a Research Ecologist at the USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center. 

EDUCATION

Ph.D., Botany, Iowa State University, 1989
Advisors: van der Valk/Davis

M.S., University of Minnesota Duluth, 1983

B.S., University of Wisconsin Madison, 1978          

RESEARCH

Wetland function may be altered in the future because of dynamic shifts in droughts, water extraction, water fluctuation, salinity intrusion, CO2 levels, and storm intensity. Populations of species can be extirpated especially by drought, and tree mortality is especially common at the edges of species diestribution ranges during drought. Beth Middleton examines patterns of  ecosystem function along latitudinal gradients in baldcypress swamps, monsoonal wetlands, mangrove swamps, northern peatleands, prairie fens, and floodplain wetlands. She has organized symposia, written three books, and edited three special journal volumes, which support multidisciplinary comparisons and research analysis of wetland function. Other research topics include the effects of hurricanes on coastal wetlands, flood pulsing in restoration, and biodiversity loss in fens of Europe, Asia and North America. Middleton maintains a research network of baldcypress swamps (North American Baldcypress Swamp Network) and invites other researchers to work in these study sites dedicated to the study of long term function of swamps in the southeastern US.  

Science and Products

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Nymphoides: (a) N. humboldtiana (native) and (b) N. indica (invasive)

Integrating Science and Management for Optimal Prevention and Control of Invasive Nymphoides in Florida

Two invasive species of floating hearts, Nymphoides cristata and N. indica, are actively managed in Florida. A rare native species, N. humboldtiana, has been found in Florida and verified by molecular methods; this species is nearly indistinguishable from N. indica.
By
Ecosystems, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Invasive Species Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
link

Integrating Science and Management for Optimal Prevention and Control of Invasive Nymphoides in Florida

Two invasive species of floating hearts, Nymphoides cristata and N. indica, are actively managed in Florida. A rare native species, N. humboldtiana, has been found in Florida and verified by molecular methods; this species is nearly indistinguishable from N. indica.
Learn More
link
North American Bald Cypress Swamp Network

Wetland Forest Regeneration Dynamics and Productivity in Southeastern Cypress Swamp Ecosystems

Relict forests (i.e., forests unable to reestablish after disturbance) may develop in the southeastern U.S. in future predicted extreme climates of temperature, flooding, and drought, according to the International Panel on Climate Change.
By
Ecosystems, Land Management Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
link

Wetland Forest Regeneration Dynamics and Productivity in Southeastern Cypress Swamp Ecosystems

Relict forests (i.e., forests unable to reestablish after disturbance) may develop in the southeastern U.S. in future predicted extreme climates of temperature, flooding, and drought, according to the International Panel on Climate Change.
Learn More
link
Nuket Bingol measuring Sediment Elevation Table, Porsuk River floodplain, Eskisehir, Turkey

Joint Research on Water and Sedimentation Changes and Potential Impacts on Biodiversity along the Porsuk River, Turkey

The Porsuk River floodplain near Eskisehir, Turkey contains a large number of wetlands, which have been managed by humans for millennia.
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
link

Joint Research on Water and Sedimentation Changes and Potential Impacts on Biodiversity along the Porsuk River, Turkey

The Porsuk River floodplain near Eskisehir, Turkey contains a large number of wetlands, which have been managed by humans for millennia.
Learn More
link
Swamp tree growth study sites on the southern United States

Long-term Trends in Swamp Tree Growth across Drought and Salinity Gradients along the Northern Gulf Coast

This study will examine the potential effects of climate-change-induced sea level rise, drought and water extraction by examining tree growth patterns across the Gulf Coast, specifically targeting long-term research plots available in the North American Baldcypress Swamp Network (NABCSN) and the Suwannee River.
By
Ecosystems, Land Management Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
link

Long-term Trends in Swamp Tree Growth across Drought and Salinity Gradients along the Northern Gulf Coast

This study will examine the potential effects of climate-change-induced sea level rise, drought and water extraction by examining tree growth patterns across the Gulf Coast, specifically targeting long-term research plots available in the North American Baldcypress Swamp Network (NABCSN) and the Suwannee River.
Learn More
link
Geographical Trends in Ecosystem Function and Biodiversity of Wetlands as a Surrogate for Climate Change

Geographical Trends in Ecosystem Function and Biodiversity of Wetlands as a Surrogate for Climate Change

Extreme drought and temperature in the southeastern United States may become more frequent in the future, and any extreme shifts in climate condition are likely to have effects on wetland ecosystem function. USGS research predicts the effects of climate change by shifts in function and biodiversity across existing climate gradients in baldcypress swamps.
By
Ecosystems, Land Management Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
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Geographical Trends in Ecosystem Function and Biodiversity of Wetlands as a Surrogate for Climate Change

Extreme drought and temperature in the southeastern United States may become more frequent in the future, and any extreme shifts in climate condition are likely to have effects on wetland ecosystem function. USGS research predicts the effects of climate change by shifts in function and biodiversity across existing climate gradients in baldcypress swamps.
Learn More
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Evelyn Anemaet using an RTK to determine elevation of tidal swamp near the mouth of the Pocomoke River, MD

Salinity Intrusion Impacts from Hurricane Sandy in Tidal Freshwater Swamps, Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic Coast, USA

When it comes to hurricanes, wind and storm surge effect vegetation differently. USGS anlyzes these differences following Hurricane Sandy to help inform management on storm mitigation and long-term planning.
By
Ecosystems, Land Management Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
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Salinity Intrusion Impacts from Hurricane Sandy in Tidal Freshwater Swamps, Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic Coast, USA

When it comes to hurricanes, wind and storm surge effect vegetation differently. USGS anlyzes these differences following Hurricane Sandy to help inform management on storm mitigation and long-term planning.
Learn More
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Sediment Elevation Table assembly and field shelter, Dongting Lake, China

Potential Impact of Hydrology and Sedimentation Changes to Biodiversity, Dongting Lake, China

Dongting Lake, one of the wetlands that make up the floodplains of China's Yangtze River, is important habitat for migratory waterfowl and other wildlife. However, the re-engineering of the water way and the intensification of agricultural practices has contributed to changes in hydrology and sedimentation. USGS and partners from China are assessing the potential impact of these changes to the...
By
Ecosystems, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
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Potential Impact of Hydrology and Sedimentation Changes to Biodiversity, Dongting Lake, China

Dongting Lake, one of the wetlands that make up the floodplains of China's Yangtze River, is important habitat for migratory waterfowl and other wildlife. However, the re-engineering of the water way and the intensification of agricultural practices has contributed to changes in hydrology and sedimentation. USGS and partners from China are assessing the potential impact of these changes to the...
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Filter Total Items: 13

Effects of shading on the rare plant species, Trillium texanum (Melanthiaceae)

The original distribution of the study species Trillium texanum is seep spring baygalls in east-central Texas and extreme northwestern Louisiana. Experiments to determine the effects of shading on T. texanum were conducted using short-term shade cloth treatments (full sunlight vs. 30% shading for 2-3 weeks), and a dryness treatment (moist vs. less moist). Mean height and cover responses of individ
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Effects of shading on the rare plant species, Physostegia correllii (Lamiaceae)

The original distribution of the study species Physostegia correllii included freshwater floodplains of large rivers in the southcentral U.S. (Colorado, Rio Grande, Mississippi). Experiments to determine the effects of shading on P. correllii were conducted using short-term shade cloth treatments (full sunlight vs. 30% shading for 2-3 weeks). Mean height and cover responses of individuals were det
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, Taxodium distichum growth

In 2013 five Taxodium distichum trees along a 125 m long transect of Hickory Point State Forest outside Pocomoke City, Maryland were outfitted with dendrobands. Each year the growth of the T. distichum trees was measured in terms of the ratio of that year's circumference to the previous year's circumference. Tree growth was measured until the year the tree died or the conclusion of the study in 20
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, tree height and density 2021

On November 11, 2021, the height, density, and species richness of trees were recorded in five plots along a 175 m transect at Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland. This data was divided into categories depending on if the tree was alive, dead, or a sapling. Emergent species' height, density, and richness was also recorded.
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, vegetation

This dataset documents the water quality in depth, salinity, and pH as well as the vegetation found in the freshwater swamps of Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland from 2013 to 2021.
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, CTD Diver data

This dataset represents data collected from 2018 to 2021 by a submersible datalogger known as a CTD Diver located in a well 48 cm below soil level at Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland.
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, roots

Annual root production over time was measured by collecting data on ingrowth into mesh root bags. The study was conducted on tidal freshwater swamp environments subjected to salinity intrusion at Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland. Root bags were collected at 5 set locations within the study area from 2013 to 2021 and analyzed to determine the weight in grams of new root produ
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, SET

This study was conducted using surface elevation tables (SETs) to determine the change in soil height over time. The study took place at Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland from 2015 to 2021. Instead of using the SETs to measure elevation, this dataset uses the concept of the height of the topographic surface established with respect to a local vertical datum, which can be more
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Trends in organic matter in baldcypress swamps of the southeastern United States: 2007-2011

A better understanding of the potential of climate change to affect carbon dynamics in wetlands can be gained through the study of plant decomposition and soil organic matter trends across continental gradients. This study from 2007 and 2011 examines patterns of wood, leaf and cloth decomposition, as well as soil organic matter storage in Taxodium distichum (T. distichum) swamps along the Mississi
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Morphology and genetics of Lythrum salicaria from latitudinal gradients of the Northern Hemisphere grown in cold and hot common gardens

Genetic diversity may promote a plant species' invasiveness by facilitating the evolution of local adaptation, enhanced competitive abilities, and phenotypic plasticity. We examined the possible role of genetic diversity in the invasiveness of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., a Eurasian native introduced to North America, through a broad geographic comparison of eight populations, four fr
By
Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Data for sediment application to cypress and tupelo seedlings in greenhouse study - 2016

The decline of Taxodium distichum, bald cypress, forests along the Gulf Coast of North America is partly due to elevation loss and subsequent flooding. In many coastal wetlands, a common approach for coastal restoration is to rebuild elevation through the application of dredge spoil, but this technique has not been used widely in coastal forests due to concerns of negatively impacting trees. This
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Repeated drought alters resilience of seed bank regeneration in Taxodium distichum swamps of North America

Recurring drying and wetting events are likely to increase in frequency and intensity in predicted future droughts in the central United States and alter the regeneration potential of species. We explored the resistance of seed banks to successive droughts in 53 sites across the nine locations in baldcypress swamps in the southeastern United States. Along the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley and
By
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
Filter Total Items: 109

Effects of shading on the rare plant species, Physostegia correllii (Lamiaceae) and Trillium texanum (Melanthiaceae)

Rare plant species that are constrained by shading may be threatened by a lack of natural disturbance that removes overhanging vegetation. The original distribution of the study species Physostegia correllii (Lundell) Shinners included freshwater floodplains of large rivers in the southcentral U.S. (Colorado, Rio Grande, and Mississippi rivers). A second species, Trillium texanum Buckley was found
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Trends in vegetation and height of the topographic surface in a tidal freshwater swamp experiencing rooting zone saltwater intrusion

A decrease in the ground surface height of coastal wetlands is of worldwide concern because of its relationship to peat loss, coastal carbon, and biodiversity in freshwater wetlands. We asked if it is possible to determine indicators of impending transitions of freshwater swamps to other coastal types by examining long-term changes in the environment and vegetation. In a tidal Taxodium distichum s
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

The vegetation dynamics of the monsoonal wetland of the Keoladeo National Park, India: A reassessment

As a result of a field trip in 1980 to the monsoonal wetland of the Keoladeo National Park, India, which was organized by Dr. Brij Gopal, a study of the vegetation dynamics of this wetland was initiated. The original hypothesis for this study was that the seasonal vegetation changes caused by the annual summer monsoon was a compressed habitat cycle. Habitat cycles are a characteristic of prairie p
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Ventilation systems in wetland plant species

Molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide may be limited for aquatic plants, but they have various mechanisms for acquiring these gases from the atmosphere, soil, or metabolic processes. The most common adaptations of aquatic plants involve various aerenchymatic structures, which occur in various organs, and enable the throughflow of gases. These gases can be transferred in emergent plants by molecular
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Worldwide wetland loss and conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services

Aim: Best strategies for future conservation and management to address global and regional trends in wetland loss and degradation are assessed in this article.Main concepts covered: Direct drivers of wetland loss and change include land drainage and filling, hydrologic alteration, degradation from pollutants and sediments, and conversion to agriculture, urban and industrial usage. Estimates of glo
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Regeneration trends along climate gradients in Taxodium distichum forests of the southeastern United States

The development of relict vegetation at the edges of some ecosystems has taken place particularly in environments where the regeneration of foundational species is declining. As an important stage of regeneration in the Taxodium distichum, this study explored the relationship of cone volume and seed number across environmental gradients in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MRAV) and northern
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Restoration of organic coastal and inland freshwater forests

Peatland forests occur worldwide in inundated soils where primary production and anaerobic conditions contribute to the building of soil organic matter (Günther et al., 2020). Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be substantial from drained freshwater forests with organic soils. Therefore, rewetting peat via hydrologic restoration (see factsheet n°12 on Peatland restoration, this volume) can restore
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Ecosystems, Climate Research and Development Program, Land Change Science Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Restoration of mangrove forest

Mangrove forests occur worldwide along tropical coasts in inundated soils where primary production and anaerobic conditions contribute to the building of soil organic matter (Also see Mangroves Hot-spot, Volume 2). Note that peat may accumulate in certain coastal mangrove (Middleton and McKee, 2001). The actual amount of soil organic matter stored in these wetlands depends on the balance between p
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Ecosystems, Climate Research and Development Program, Land Change Science Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

A U.S.-China EcoPartnership study of disturbed wetland vegetation in West Dongting Lake, China

West Dongting Lake in China is important for human livelihoods and habitat of migratory waterfowl and other wildlife. The waterway re-engineering and agriculture intensification have contributed to changes in hydrology, sediment, and vegetation on the floodplain. This paper describes an EcoPartnership program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, and Beijing
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Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Late Pleistocene baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) forest deposit on the continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico

Approximately 13 km south of Gulf Shores, Alabama (United States), divers found in situ baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) stumps 18 m below the ocean surface. These trees could have only lived when sea level fell during the Pleistocene subaerially exposing the tectonically stable continental shelf. Here we investigate the geophysical properties along with microfossil and stratigraphical analyses of
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Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Germination potential of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) swamp soil seed bank along geographical gradients

Changing environments of temperature, precipitation and moisture availability can affect vegetation in ecosystems, by affecting regeneration from the seed bank. Our objective was to explore the responses of soil seed bank germination to climate-related environments along geographic gradients. We collected seed banks in baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) swamps along the Mississippi River and the Gul
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Effects of water level alteration on carbon cycling in peatlands

Globally, peatlands play an important role in the carbon (C) cycle. High water level is a key factor in maintaining C storage in peatlands, but water levels are vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. This review examines literature related to the effects of water level alteration on C cycling in peatlands to summarize new ideas and uncertainties emerging in this field. Peatlan
By
Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Non-USGS Publications**

Middleton, B.A. 2002. Nonequilibrium dynamics of sedge meadows grazed by cattle in southern Wisconsin. Plant Ecology 161:89-110. www.springerlink.com/content/v0l42625k0g21141/
Xiao, N., D.A. Bennett, B. Middleton, and K. Fessel. 2002. SISM: a multiscale model cypress swamp regeneration. Geographical & Environmental Modelling 6:99-116. www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13615930220127314
Middleton, B.A. 2002. Winter burning and the reduction of Cornus sericea in sedge meadows in southern Wisconsin. Restoration Ecology 10:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01053.x
Middleton, B.A. 2001. A case for wetland restoration. Book review. Restoration Ecology 9:247-248. www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118995575/PDFSTART
Spyreas, G., D.J. Gibson, and B.A. Middleton. 2001. Effects of endophyte infection in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea: Poaceae) on community diversity. International Journal of Plant Science 162:1237-1245. www.plantbiology.siu.edu/faculty/Gibson/IJPS2001.pdf
Middleton, B.A. 2000. Hydrochory, seed banks, and regeneration dynamics across landscape boundaries in a forested wetland. Plant Ecology 146:169-184. www.springerlink.com/content/w28pp67819819074/
Gibson, D. J., B.A. Middleton, G.W. Saunders, M. Mathis. W.T Weaver, J. Neely, J. Rivera and M. Oyler. 1999. Learning by doing ecology: long term field experiments in ecology. IF0.3/C12 American Biology Teacher 61:217-222. www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4450654?uid=3739688&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55902219473
Rice, M., B.A. Middleton and D. Gibson. 1999. Fractal analysis of movement pathways in vegetated and unvegetated microlandscapes. Bios 1:176-184. _/C2. www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4608479?uid=3739688&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55902222123
Oyler, M., J. Rivera, M. Roffel, D. J. Gibson, B.A. Middleton and M. Mathis. 1999. The macaroni lab: a directed inquiry project on predator-prey relationships. American Biology Teacher 40:39-41. IF0.3/C1 www.plantbiology.siu.edu/faculty/gibson/macaron.pdf
Middleton, B.A. 1999. Flood pulsing in restoration: a feasible alternative for India? Journal of the Ecological Society 12:10-14.
Mathis, M. and B.A. Middleton. 1999. Simulated herbivory and vegetation dynamics in coal slurry ponds reclaimed as wetlands. Restoration Ecology 7:392-398. IF2.2/C10 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72034.x/abstract
Middleton, B.A. 1998. Succession and herbivory in monsoonal wetlands. Wetland Ecology and Management 6:189-202. IF0.3/C32 www.springerlink.com/content/r30811h62j6741u5/
Middleton, B.A. 1998. The water buffalo controversy in the Keoladeo National Park, India. Ecological Modelling 106:93-95. IF2.7/C9 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2218674
Middleton, B.A. 1998. Reply to: The water buffalo controversy in the Keoladeo National Park, India. Ecological Modelling 106:95-98. IF2.7/C9 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2218674
Middleton, B.A., E. Sanchez-Rojas, B. Suedmeyer and A. Michels. 1997. Fire in a tropical dry forest of Central America: A natural part of the disturbance regime? Biotropica 29:515-517. IF2.6/C47 www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2388944?uid=3739688&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55901
Akanil, N. and B.A. Middleton. 1997. Leaf litter decomposition along the Porsuk River, Eskisehir, Turkey. Canadian Journal of Botany 75:1394-1397. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b97-853 OR www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b97-853
Middleton, B.A. 1995. Ecology of greenways. Book review. Restoration Ecology 3: 319-322.
Middleton, B.A. 1995. Seed banks and species richness potential of coal slurry ponds reclaimed as wetlands. Restoration Ecology 3:311-318.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1995.tb00099.x/abstract
Middleton, B.A. and U. Melkania. 1995. Decomposition of wet grassland species in a stream of the Himalayan terai, Pantnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 21:163-168. www.nieindia.org/ijees/abstracts/v21/abstrv21_163.asp
Middleton, B.A. 1995. Sampling devices for the measurement of seed rain and hydrochory in rivers. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Club 122:152-155. www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2996454?uid=3739688&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55901569553
Middleton, B.A. 1994. Decomposition and litter production in a northern bald cypress swamp. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:271-274. www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3236160.pdf
Middleton, B.A. and E. Sanchez. 1994. Microhistological analysis of food habits in the tropics. Vida Silvestre 3:41-47.
Middleton, B.A. 1994. Management of monsoonal wetlands for Greylag and Barheaded Geese in the Keoladeo National Park, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 20:1263-171. www.nieindia.org/ijees/abstracts/v20/abstrv20_163.asp
van der Valk, A. G., B.A. Middleton, R. L. Williams, D. H. Mason and C. Davis. 1993. The biomass of an Indian monsoonal wetland before and after being overgrown with Paspalum distichum. Vegetatio 109:81-90. www.springerlink.com/content/w3866315p4450555/fulltext.pdf
Middleton, B. A. 1992. Habitat and food preferences of geese overwintering in the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8:181-193.
www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2559700.pdf OR www.journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5248088
Middleton, B.A., A.G. van der Valk, C.B. Davis, D.H. Mason, and R.L. Williams. 1992. Litter decomposition in an Indian monsoonal wetland overgrown with Paspalum distichum. Wetlands 12:37-44. www.springerlink.com/content/w3866315p4450555/
Middleton, B.A. and D.H. Mason. 1992. Seed herbivory by nilgai, feral cattle, and wild boar in the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India. Biotropica 24:538-543. www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2389017.pdf
Middleton, B.A., A.G. van der Valk, R.L. Williams, D.J. Mason, and C.B. Davis. 1991. Vegetation dynamics and seed banks of a monsoonal wetland overgrown with Paspalum distichum in northern India. Aquatic Botany 40:239-259. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304377091900619
Middleton, B.A. 1990. Effect of water depth and clipping frequency on the growth and survival of four wetland plant species. Aquatic Botany 37:189-196. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030437709090091X
Middleton, B.A.1988. Food habits of geese in northern India. Journal of the Ecological Society (India) 1:37-45.
Middleton, B.A. and A.G. van der Valk. 1987. The food habits of Greylag and Barheaded Geese in the Keoladeo National Park, India. Wildfowl 38:94-102. /C122 http://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/774/774
Middleton, B.A. and D.J. Schimpf. 1986. Sand movement and vegetation in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:1671-1674. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b86-223

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

Science and Products

  • Science
    link
    Nymphoides: (a) N. humboldtiana (native) and (b) N. indica (invasive)

    Integrating Science and Management for Optimal Prevention and Control of Invasive Nymphoides in Florida

    Two invasive species of floating hearts, Nymphoides cristata and N. indica, are actively managed in Florida. A rare native species, N. humboldtiana, has been found in Florida and verified by molecular methods; this species is nearly indistinguishable from N. indica.
    By
    Ecosystems, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Invasive Species Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
    link

    Integrating Science and Management for Optimal Prevention and Control of Invasive Nymphoides in Florida

    Two invasive species of floating hearts, Nymphoides cristata and N. indica, are actively managed in Florida. A rare native species, N. humboldtiana, has been found in Florida and verified by molecular methods; this species is nearly indistinguishable from N. indica.
    Learn More
    link
    North American Bald Cypress Swamp Network

    Wetland Forest Regeneration Dynamics and Productivity in Southeastern Cypress Swamp Ecosystems

    Relict forests (i.e., forests unable to reestablish after disturbance) may develop in the southeastern U.S. in future predicted extreme climates of temperature, flooding, and drought, according to the International Panel on Climate Change.
    By
    Ecosystems, Land Management Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
    link

    Wetland Forest Regeneration Dynamics and Productivity in Southeastern Cypress Swamp Ecosystems

    Relict forests (i.e., forests unable to reestablish after disturbance) may develop in the southeastern U.S. in future predicted extreme climates of temperature, flooding, and drought, according to the International Panel on Climate Change.
    Learn More
    link
    Nuket Bingol measuring Sediment Elevation Table, Porsuk River floodplain, Eskisehir, Turkey

    Joint Research on Water and Sedimentation Changes and Potential Impacts on Biodiversity along the Porsuk River, Turkey

    The Porsuk River floodplain near Eskisehir, Turkey contains a large number of wetlands, which have been managed by humans for millennia.
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
    link

    Joint Research on Water and Sedimentation Changes and Potential Impacts on Biodiversity along the Porsuk River, Turkey

    The Porsuk River floodplain near Eskisehir, Turkey contains a large number of wetlands, which have been managed by humans for millennia.
    Learn More
    link
    Swamp tree growth study sites on the southern United States

    Long-term Trends in Swamp Tree Growth across Drought and Salinity Gradients along the Northern Gulf Coast

    This study will examine the potential effects of climate-change-induced sea level rise, drought and water extraction by examining tree growth patterns across the Gulf Coast, specifically targeting long-term research plots available in the North American Baldcypress Swamp Network (NABCSN) and the Suwannee River.
    By
    Ecosystems, Land Management Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
    link

    Long-term Trends in Swamp Tree Growth across Drought and Salinity Gradients along the Northern Gulf Coast

    This study will examine the potential effects of climate-change-induced sea level rise, drought and water extraction by examining tree growth patterns across the Gulf Coast, specifically targeting long-term research plots available in the North American Baldcypress Swamp Network (NABCSN) and the Suwannee River.
    Learn More
    link
    Geographical Trends in Ecosystem Function and Biodiversity of Wetlands as a Surrogate for Climate Change

    Geographical Trends in Ecosystem Function and Biodiversity of Wetlands as a Surrogate for Climate Change

    Extreme drought and temperature in the southeastern United States may become more frequent in the future, and any extreme shifts in climate condition are likely to have effects on wetland ecosystem function. USGS research predicts the effects of climate change by shifts in function and biodiversity across existing climate gradients in baldcypress swamps.
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    Ecosystems, Land Management Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
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    Geographical Trends in Ecosystem Function and Biodiversity of Wetlands as a Surrogate for Climate Change

    Extreme drought and temperature in the southeastern United States may become more frequent in the future, and any extreme shifts in climate condition are likely to have effects on wetland ecosystem function. USGS research predicts the effects of climate change by shifts in function and biodiversity across existing climate gradients in baldcypress swamps.
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    Evelyn Anemaet using an RTK to determine elevation of tidal swamp near the mouth of the Pocomoke River, MD

    Salinity Intrusion Impacts from Hurricane Sandy in Tidal Freshwater Swamps, Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic Coast, USA

    When it comes to hurricanes, wind and storm surge effect vegetation differently. USGS anlyzes these differences following Hurricane Sandy to help inform management on storm mitigation and long-term planning.
    By
    Ecosystems, Land Management Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
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    Salinity Intrusion Impacts from Hurricane Sandy in Tidal Freshwater Swamps, Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic Coast, USA

    When it comes to hurricanes, wind and storm surge effect vegetation differently. USGS anlyzes these differences following Hurricane Sandy to help inform management on storm mitigation and long-term planning.
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    Sediment Elevation Table assembly and field shelter, Dongting Lake, China

    Potential Impact of Hydrology and Sedimentation Changes to Biodiversity, Dongting Lake, China

    Dongting Lake, one of the wetlands that make up the floodplains of China's Yangtze River, is important habitat for migratory waterfowl and other wildlife. However, the re-engineering of the water way and the intensification of agricultural practices has contributed to changes in hydrology and sedimentation. USGS and partners from China are assessing the potential impact of these changes to the...
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    Ecosystems, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
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    Potential Impact of Hydrology and Sedimentation Changes to Biodiversity, Dongting Lake, China

    Dongting Lake, one of the wetlands that make up the floodplains of China's Yangtze River, is important habitat for migratory waterfowl and other wildlife. However, the re-engineering of the water way and the intensification of agricultural practices has contributed to changes in hydrology and sedimentation. USGS and partners from China are assessing the potential impact of these changes to the...
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  • Data
    Filter Total Items: 13

    Effects of shading on the rare plant species, Trillium texanum (Melanthiaceae)

    The original distribution of the study species Trillium texanum is seep spring baygalls in east-central Texas and extreme northwestern Louisiana. Experiments to determine the effects of shading on T. texanum were conducted using short-term shade cloth treatments (full sunlight vs. 30% shading for 2-3 weeks), and a dryness treatment (moist vs. less moist). Mean height and cover responses of individ
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Effects of shading on the rare plant species, Physostegia correllii (Lamiaceae)

    The original distribution of the study species Physostegia correllii included freshwater floodplains of large rivers in the southcentral U.S. (Colorado, Rio Grande, Mississippi). Experiments to determine the effects of shading on P. correllii were conducted using short-term shade cloth treatments (full sunlight vs. 30% shading for 2-3 weeks). Mean height and cover responses of individuals were det
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, Taxodium distichum growth

    In 2013 five Taxodium distichum trees along a 125 m long transect of Hickory Point State Forest outside Pocomoke City, Maryland were outfitted with dendrobands. Each year the growth of the T. distichum trees was measured in terms of the ratio of that year's circumference to the previous year's circumference. Tree growth was measured until the year the tree died or the conclusion of the study in 20
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, tree height and density 2021

    On November 11, 2021, the height, density, and species richness of trees were recorded in five plots along a 175 m transect at Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland. This data was divided into categories depending on if the tree was alive, dead, or a sapling. Emergent species' height, density, and richness was also recorded.
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    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, vegetation

    This dataset documents the water quality in depth, salinity, and pH as well as the vegetation found in the freshwater swamps of Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland from 2013 to 2021.
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, CTD Diver data

    This dataset represents data collected from 2018 to 2021 by a submersible datalogger known as a CTD Diver located in a well 48 cm below soil level at Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland.
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, roots

    Annual root production over time was measured by collecting data on ingrowth into mesh root bags. The study was conducted on tidal freshwater swamp environments subjected to salinity intrusion at Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland. Root bags were collected at 5 set locations within the study area from 2013 to 2021 and analyzed to determine the weight in grams of new root produ
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Data Release: Peat collapse and vegetation shift after storm-driven saltwater surge in a tidal freshwater swamp, SET

    This study was conducted using surface elevation tables (SETs) to determine the change in soil height over time. The study took place at Hickory Point State Forest near Pocomoke City, Maryland from 2015 to 2021. Instead of using the SETs to measure elevation, this dataset uses the concept of the height of the topographic surface established with respect to a local vertical datum, which can be more
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Trends in organic matter in baldcypress swamps of the southeastern United States: 2007-2011

    A better understanding of the potential of climate change to affect carbon dynamics in wetlands can be gained through the study of plant decomposition and soil organic matter trends across continental gradients. This study from 2007 and 2011 examines patterns of wood, leaf and cloth decomposition, as well as soil organic matter storage in Taxodium distichum (T. distichum) swamps along the Mississi
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Morphology and genetics of Lythrum salicaria from latitudinal gradients of the Northern Hemisphere grown in cold and hot common gardens

    Genetic diversity may promote a plant species' invasiveness by facilitating the evolution of local adaptation, enhanced competitive abilities, and phenotypic plasticity. We examined the possible role of genetic diversity in the invasiveness of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., a Eurasian native introduced to North America, through a broad geographic comparison of eight populations, four fr
    By
    Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Data for sediment application to cypress and tupelo seedlings in greenhouse study - 2016

    The decline of Taxodium distichum, bald cypress, forests along the Gulf Coast of North America is partly due to elevation loss and subsequent flooding. In many coastal wetlands, a common approach for coastal restoration is to rebuild elevation through the application of dredge spoil, but this technique has not been used widely in coastal forests due to concerns of negatively impacting trees. This
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Repeated drought alters resilience of seed bank regeneration in Taxodium distichum swamps of North America

    Recurring drying and wetting events are likely to increase in frequency and intensity in predicted future droughts in the central United States and alter the regeneration potential of species. We explored the resistance of seed banks to successive droughts in 53 sites across the nine locations in baldcypress swamps in the southeastern United States. Along the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley and
    By
    Wetland and Aquatic Research Center
  • Publications
    Filter Total Items: 109

    Effects of shading on the rare plant species, Physostegia correllii (Lamiaceae) and Trillium texanum (Melanthiaceae)

    Rare plant species that are constrained by shading may be threatened by a lack of natural disturbance that removes overhanging vegetation. The original distribution of the study species Physostegia correllii (Lundell) Shinners included freshwater floodplains of large rivers in the southcentral U.S. (Colorado, Rio Grande, and Mississippi rivers). A second species, Trillium texanum Buckley was found
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Trends in vegetation and height of the topographic surface in a tidal freshwater swamp experiencing rooting zone saltwater intrusion

    A decrease in the ground surface height of coastal wetlands is of worldwide concern because of its relationship to peat loss, coastal carbon, and biodiversity in freshwater wetlands. We asked if it is possible to determine indicators of impending transitions of freshwater swamps to other coastal types by examining long-term changes in the environment and vegetation. In a tidal Taxodium distichum s
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    The vegetation dynamics of the monsoonal wetland of the Keoladeo National Park, India: A reassessment

    As a result of a field trip in 1980 to the monsoonal wetland of the Keoladeo National Park, India, which was organized by Dr. Brij Gopal, a study of the vegetation dynamics of this wetland was initiated. The original hypothesis for this study was that the seasonal vegetation changes caused by the annual summer monsoon was a compressed habitat cycle. Habitat cycles are a characteristic of prairie p
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Ventilation systems in wetland plant species

    Molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide may be limited for aquatic plants, but they have various mechanisms for acquiring these gases from the atmosphere, soil, or metabolic processes. The most common adaptations of aquatic plants involve various aerenchymatic structures, which occur in various organs, and enable the throughflow of gases. These gases can be transferred in emergent plants by molecular
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Worldwide wetland loss and conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services

    Aim: Best strategies for future conservation and management to address global and regional trends in wetland loss and degradation are assessed in this article.Main concepts covered: Direct drivers of wetland loss and change include land drainage and filling, hydrologic alteration, degradation from pollutants and sediments, and conversion to agriculture, urban and industrial usage. Estimates of glo
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Regeneration trends along climate gradients in Taxodium distichum forests of the southeastern United States

    The development of relict vegetation at the edges of some ecosystems has taken place particularly in environments where the regeneration of foundational species is declining. As an important stage of regeneration in the Taxodium distichum, this study explored the relationship of cone volume and seed number across environmental gradients in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (MRAV) and northern
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Restoration of organic coastal and inland freshwater forests

    Peatland forests occur worldwide in inundated soils where primary production and anaerobic conditions contribute to the building of soil organic matter (Günther et al., 2020). Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be substantial from drained freshwater forests with organic soils. Therefore, rewetting peat via hydrologic restoration (see factsheet n°12 on Peatland restoration, this volume) can restore
    By
    Ecosystems, Climate Research and Development Program, Land Change Science Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Restoration of mangrove forest

    Mangrove forests occur worldwide along tropical coasts in inundated soils where primary production and anaerobic conditions contribute to the building of soil organic matter (Also see Mangroves Hot-spot, Volume 2). Note that peat may accumulate in certain coastal mangrove (Middleton and McKee, 2001). The actual amount of soil organic matter stored in these wetlands depends on the balance between p
    By
    Ecosystems, Climate Research and Development Program, Land Change Science Program, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    A U.S.-China EcoPartnership study of disturbed wetland vegetation in West Dongting Lake, China

    West Dongting Lake in China is important for human livelihoods and habitat of migratory waterfowl and other wildlife. The waterway re-engineering and agriculture intensification have contributed to changes in hydrology, sediment, and vegetation on the floodplain. This paper describes an EcoPartnership program conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, and Beijing
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Late Pleistocene baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) forest deposit on the continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico

    Approximately 13 km south of Gulf Shores, Alabama (United States), divers found in situ baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) stumps 18 m below the ocean surface. These trees could have only lived when sea level fell during the Pleistocene subaerially exposing the tectonically stable continental shelf. Here we investigate the geophysical properties along with microfossil and stratigraphical analyses of
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Germination potential of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) swamp soil seed bank along geographical gradients

    Changing environments of temperature, precipitation and moisture availability can affect vegetation in ecosystems, by affecting regeneration from the seed bank. Our objective was to explore the responses of soil seed bank germination to climate-related environments along geographic gradients. We collected seed banks in baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) swamps along the Mississippi River and the Gul
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Effects of water level alteration on carbon cycling in peatlands

    Globally, peatlands play an important role in the carbon (C) cycle. High water level is a key factor in maintaining C storage in peatlands, but water levels are vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. This review examines literature related to the effects of water level alteration on C cycling in peatlands to summarize new ideas and uncertainties emerging in this field. Peatlan
    By
    Ecosystems, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

    Non-USGS Publications**

    Middleton, B.A. 2002. Nonequilibrium dynamics of sedge meadows grazed by cattle in southern Wisconsin. Plant Ecology 161:89-110. www.springerlink.com/content/v0l42625k0g21141/
    Xiao, N., D.A. Bennett, B. Middleton, and K. Fessel. 2002. SISM: a multiscale model cypress swamp regeneration. Geographical & Environmental Modelling 6:99-116. www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13615930220127314
    Middleton, B.A. 2002. Winter burning and the reduction of Cornus sericea in sedge meadows in southern Wisconsin. Restoration Ecology 10:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01053.x
    Middleton, B.A. 2001. A case for wetland restoration. Book review. Restoration Ecology 9:247-248. www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118995575/PDFSTART
    Spyreas, G., D.J. Gibson, and B.A. Middleton. 2001. Effects of endophyte infection in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea: Poaceae) on community diversity. International Journal of Plant Science 162:1237-1245. www.plantbiology.siu.edu/faculty/Gibson/IJPS2001.pdf
    Middleton, B.A. 2000. Hydrochory, seed banks, and regeneration dynamics across landscape boundaries in a forested wetland. Plant Ecology 146:169-184. www.springerlink.com/content/w28pp67819819074/
    Gibson, D. J., B.A. Middleton, G.W. Saunders, M. Mathis. W.T Weaver, J. Neely, J. Rivera and M. Oyler. 1999. Learning by doing ecology: long term field experiments in ecology. IF0.3/C12 American Biology Teacher 61:217-222. www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4450654?uid=3739688&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55902219473
    Rice, M., B.A. Middleton and D. Gibson. 1999. Fractal analysis of movement pathways in vegetated and unvegetated microlandscapes. Bios 1:176-184. _/C2. www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4608479?uid=3739688&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55902222123
    Oyler, M., J. Rivera, M. Roffel, D. J. Gibson, B.A. Middleton and M. Mathis. 1999. The macaroni lab: a directed inquiry project on predator-prey relationships. American Biology Teacher 40:39-41. IF0.3/C1 www.plantbiology.siu.edu/faculty/gibson/macaron.pdf
    Middleton, B.A. 1999. Flood pulsing in restoration: a feasible alternative for India? Journal of the Ecological Society 12:10-14.
    Mathis, M. and B.A. Middleton. 1999. Simulated herbivory and vegetation dynamics in coal slurry ponds reclaimed as wetlands. Restoration Ecology 7:392-398. IF2.2/C10 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72034.x/abstract
    Middleton, B.A. 1998. Succession and herbivory in monsoonal wetlands. Wetland Ecology and Management 6:189-202. IF0.3/C32 www.springerlink.com/content/r30811h62j6741u5/
    Middleton, B.A. 1998. The water buffalo controversy in the Keoladeo National Park, India. Ecological Modelling 106:93-95. IF2.7/C9 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2218674
    Middleton, B.A. 1998. Reply to: The water buffalo controversy in the Keoladeo National Park, India. Ecological Modelling 106:95-98. IF2.7/C9 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2218674
    Middleton, B.A., E. Sanchez-Rojas, B. Suedmeyer and A. Michels. 1997. Fire in a tropical dry forest of Central America: A natural part of the disturbance regime? Biotropica 29:515-517. IF2.6/C47 www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2388944?uid=3739688&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55901
    Akanil, N. and B.A. Middleton. 1997. Leaf litter decomposition along the Porsuk River, Eskisehir, Turkey. Canadian Journal of Botany 75:1394-1397. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b97-853 OR www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b97-853
    Middleton, B.A. 1995. Ecology of greenways. Book review. Restoration Ecology 3: 319-322.
    Middleton, B.A. 1995. Seed banks and species richness potential of coal slurry ponds reclaimed as wetlands. Restoration Ecology 3:311-318.
    http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1995.tb00099.x/abstract
    Middleton, B.A. and U. Melkania. 1995. Decomposition of wet grassland species in a stream of the Himalayan terai, Pantnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 21:163-168. www.nieindia.org/ijees/abstracts/v21/abstrv21_163.asp
    Middleton, B.A. 1995. Sampling devices for the measurement of seed rain and hydrochory in rivers. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Club 122:152-155. www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2996454?uid=3739688&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=55901569553
    Middleton, B.A. 1994. Decomposition and litter production in a northern bald cypress swamp. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:271-274. www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3236160.pdf
    Middleton, B.A. and E. Sanchez. 1994. Microhistological analysis of food habits in the tropics. Vida Silvestre 3:41-47.
    Middleton, B.A. 1994. Management of monsoonal wetlands for Greylag and Barheaded Geese in the Keoladeo National Park, India. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 20:1263-171. www.nieindia.org/ijees/abstracts/v20/abstrv20_163.asp
    van der Valk, A. G., B.A. Middleton, R. L. Williams, D. H. Mason and C. Davis. 1993. The biomass of an Indian monsoonal wetland before and after being overgrown with Paspalum distichum. Vegetatio 109:81-90. www.springerlink.com/content/w3866315p4450555/fulltext.pdf
    Middleton, B. A. 1992. Habitat and food preferences of geese overwintering in the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8:181-193.
    www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2559700.pdf OR www.journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5248088
    Middleton, B.A., A.G. van der Valk, C.B. Davis, D.H. Mason, and R.L. Williams. 1992. Litter decomposition in an Indian monsoonal wetland overgrown with Paspalum distichum. Wetlands 12:37-44. www.springerlink.com/content/w3866315p4450555/
    Middleton, B.A. and D.H. Mason. 1992. Seed herbivory by nilgai, feral cattle, and wild boar in the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India. Biotropica 24:538-543. www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2389017.pdf
    Middleton, B.A., A.G. van der Valk, R.L. Williams, D.J. Mason, and C.B. Davis. 1991. Vegetation dynamics and seed banks of a monsoonal wetland overgrown with Paspalum distichum in northern India. Aquatic Botany 40:239-259. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304377091900619
    Middleton, B.A. 1990. Effect of water depth and clipping frequency on the growth and survival of four wetland plant species. Aquatic Botany 37:189-196. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030437709090091X
    Middleton, B.A.1988. Food habits of geese in northern India. Journal of the Ecological Society (India) 1:37-45.
    Middleton, B.A. and A.G. van der Valk. 1987. The food habits of Greylag and Barheaded Geese in the Keoladeo National Park, India. Wildfowl 38:94-102. /C122 http://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/774/774
    Middleton, B.A. and D.J. Schimpf. 1986. Sand movement and vegetation in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:1671-1674. www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b86-223

    **Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.