Skip to main content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Carol L Luukkonen

Carol Luukkonen is a Hydrologist with the Upper Midwest Water Science Center in Lansing, Michigan.

Her current research with the USGS deals with water use estimation and compilation, groundwater and surface water quality, and groundwater flow modeling.  Prior to working with the U.S. Geological Survey, Carol performed work including site investigations, groundwater sampling and aquifer analysis, and geostatistical analyses.

Science and Products

link
Equipment enclosure and rain gage by agricultural field in Michigan

Isoxaflutole Monitoring

This project is investigating the potential persistence of isoxaflutole, a pesticide, and its metabolites in groundwater and surface water near agricultural fields in Michigan.
By
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
link

Isoxaflutole Monitoring

This project is investigating the potential persistence of isoxaflutole, a pesticide, and its metabolites in groundwater and surface water near agricultural fields in Michigan.
Learn More
link
USGS Hydrologist examining water collection using specialized equipment.

Lansing Area Emerging Contaminants

The USGS, in cooperation with the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, will analyze water sample results from 20 Lansing area wells. The objective of this study is to investigate well characteristics and other factors that may influence the susceptibility of drinking water-supply wells to contamination by contaminants of emerging concern. This information can be used by Lansing and other...
By
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
link

Lansing Area Emerging Contaminants

The USGS, in cooperation with the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, will analyze water sample results from 20 Lansing area wells. The objective of this study is to investigate well characteristics and other factors that may influence the susceptibility of drinking water-supply wells to contamination by contaminants of emerging concern. This information can be used by Lansing and other...
Learn More
link
Girls getting a glass of water at a well pump at The Tollgate House, Meridian Historical Village, Okemos, MI

Water Use in Michigan

The USGS compiles water use information by State including estimated amounts, sources, and categories of use every five years since 1950.
By
Water Availability and Use Science Program, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
link

Water Use in Michigan

The USGS compiles water use information by State including estimated amounts, sources, and categories of use every five years since 1950.
Learn More

Public supply water use reanalysis for the 2000-2020 period by HUC12, month, and year for the conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, August 2024)

The U.S. Geological Survey is developing national water-use models to support water resources management in the United States. Model benefits include a nationally consistent estimation approach, greater temporal and spatial resolution of estimates, efficient and automated updates of results, and capabilities to forecast water use into the future and assess model uncertainty. The term...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Inventory of water bottling facilities in the United States, 2023, and select water-use data, 1955-2022

An inventory of facilities that bottle water or other beverages containing water (including soft drinks, beer, wine, or spirits) or that manufacture ice was compiled by combining available datasets from multiple sources. This water bottling inventory dataset includes facilities within all 50 states of the United States, one federal district (Washington, District of Columbia), and three...
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Water Availability and Use Science Program, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Total monthly water withdrawals for public supply by 12-digit hydrologic unit in the conterminous United States for 2015

This dataset presents the total estimated monthly public-supply water withdrawal by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) in the conterminous United States for 2015. Public-supply water use was estimated by spatially and temporally downscaling available data from each state. The total represents combined groundwater and surface water withdrawals for 83,178 watersheds. Public supply...
By
California Water Science Center

Public supply, self-supplied domestic, irrigation, and thermoelectric water-use data from 5-year compilation datasets from 1985 to 2015 used to assess data variability and uncertainty

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Use Program is responsible for compiling and disseminating the Nation's water-use data. Working in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, the USGS has published an estimate of water use in the United States every 5 years, beginning in 1950. These 5-year compilations contain water-use estimates that are aggregated to the...
By
New Jersey Water Science Center

MODFLOW-2000 and MODPATH models for simulations used to delineate contributing areas for 2017 pumping conditions to selected wells in Ingham County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey data release

A regional groundwater flow model (https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5244/) was updated to reflect 2017 pumping conditions in the Tri-County Region covering most of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan. This model was developed to simulate the regional hydrologic system in Tri-County area and continues to be used for planning and protection of area water supplies. Revised...
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Filter Total Items: 23

Data and knowledge gaps of a water bottling facility inventory and select water-use dataset, United States

In 2023, the U.S. Geological Survey developed a national inventory of water bottling facilities for the United States, including information about locations, water sources, water use, and a collection of other attributes. The purpose of the inventory was to provide information about water bottling facilities needed to assess and improve understanding of local-, regional-, and national...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, Cheryl A. Buchwald, Gary R. Martin, Allegra E. Johnson Mckee
By
Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Next generation public supply water withdrawal estimation for the conterminous United States using machine learning and operational frameworks

Estimation of human water withdrawals is more important now than ever due to uncertain water supplies, population growth, and climate change. Fourteen percent of the total water withdrawal in the United States is used for public supply, typically including deliveries to domestic, commercial, and occasionally including industrial, irrigation, and thermoelectric water withdrawal. Stewards...
Authors
Ayman H. Alzraiee, Richard G. Niswonger, Carol L. Luukkonen, Joshua Larsen, Donald Martin, Deidre Mary Herbert, Cheryl A. Buchwald, Cheryl A. Dieter, Lisa D. Miller, Jana Stewart, Natalie Houston, Scott R. Paulinski, Kristen Valseth
By
Water Resources Mission Area, California Water Science Center, Colorado Water Science Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center

Analysis of groundwater and surface water in areas of isoxaflutole application, Tuscola and Kalamazoo Counties, Michigan

The herbicide 5-cyclopropyl-4-(2-methylsulfonyl-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl) isoxazole, also known as isoxaflutole (IXF), was conditionally approved for use on corn in Michigan in 2015. The fate of IXF and its degradates in different environmental settings and the processes by which these compounds move to groundwater or to surface-water bodies have been previously studied, but little...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, Mark E. Brigham
By
Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Factors affecting uncertainty of public supply, self-supplied domestic, irrigation, and thermoelectric water-use data, 1985–2015—Evaluation of information sources, estimation methods, and data variability

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water-Use Program is responsible for compiling and disseminating the Nation's water-use data. Working in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, the USGS has collected and published national water-use estimates every 5 years, beginning in 1950. These water-use data may vary because of actual changes in water use, because of changes in...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, Kenneth Belitz, Samantha L. Sullivan, Pierre Sargent
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Delineation of contributing areas for 2017 pumping conditions to selected wells in Ingham County, Michigan

As part of local wellhead protection area programs, areascontributing water to production wells need to be periodicallyupdated because groundwater-flow paths depend in part onthe stresses to the groundwater-flow system. A steady-stategroundwater-flow model that was constructed in 2009 wasupdated to reflect recent (2017) pumping conditions in theLansing and East Lansing area in the Tri...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Estimation of monthly water yields and flows for 1951-2012 for the United States portion of the Great Lakes Basin with AFINCH

Monthly water yields from 105,829 catchments and corresponding flows in 107,691 stream segments were estimated for water years 1951–2012 in the Great Lakes Basin in the United States. Both sets of estimates were computed by using the Analysis of Flows In Networks of CHannels (AFINCH) application within the NHDPlus geospatial data framework. AFINCH provides an environment to develop...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, David J. Holtschlag, Howard W. Reeves, Christopher J. Hoard, Lori M. Fuller
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Delineation of contributing areas to selected wells in Ingham County, Michigan

A groundwater-flow model that was constructed in 2009 was updated to reflect recent (2011–12) pumping conditions in the Tri-County region, which consists of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan. As part of local wellhead protection area programs, areas contributing water to local production wells must be periodically updated, because groundwater-flow paths depend in part on the...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Relation between organic-wastewater compounds, groundwater geochemistry, and well characteristics for selected wells in Lansing, Michigan

In 2010, groundwater from 20 Lansing Board of Water and Light (BWL) production wells was tested for 69 organic-wastewater compounds (OWCs). The OWCs detected in one-half of the sampled wells are widely used in industrial and environmental applications and commonly occur in many wastes and stormwater. To identify factors that contribute to the occurrence of these constituents in BWL wells...
Authors
Sheridan K. Haack, Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Estimation of groundwater use for a groundwater-flow model of the Lake Michigan Basin and adjacent areas, 1864-2005

The U.S. Geological Survey, at the request of Congress, is assessing the availability and use of the Nation's water resources to help characterize how much water is available now, how water availability is changing, and how much water can be expected to be available in the future. The Great Lakes Basin Pilot project of the U.S. Geological Survey national assessment of water availability...
Authors
Cheryl A. Buchwald, Carol L. Luukkonen, Cynthia M. Rachol
By
Water Resources Mission Area

Model Refinement and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan

A groundwater-flow model that was constructed in 1996 of the Saginaw aquifer was refined to better represent the regional hydrologic system in the Tri-County region, which consists of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan. With increasing demand for groundwater, the need to manage withdrawals from the Saginaw aquifer has become more important, and the 1996 model could not...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Water use for irrigation in Michigan, 2001

Each year, water-use data for Michigan are compiled or estimated by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), working in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). The resulting information provides a category-by-category profile of over 4,200 facilities throughout the State. The data are reported in the Michigan Water Use Reporting Program, which provides needed...
Authors
Michele L. Morenz, Ron L. Van Til, Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Simulation of ground-water flow in the Vevay Township area, Ingham County, Michigan

Ground water is the primary source of water for domestic, public-supply, and industrial use within the Tri-County region that includes Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties in Michigan. Because of the importance of this ground-water resource, numerous communities, including the city of Mason in Ingham County, have begun local Wellhead Protection Programs. In these programs, communities...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, Andreanne Simard
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Science and Products

link
Equipment enclosure and rain gage by agricultural field in Michigan

Isoxaflutole Monitoring

This project is investigating the potential persistence of isoxaflutole, a pesticide, and its metabolites in groundwater and surface water near agricultural fields in Michigan.
By
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
link

Isoxaflutole Monitoring

This project is investigating the potential persistence of isoxaflutole, a pesticide, and its metabolites in groundwater and surface water near agricultural fields in Michigan.
Learn More
link
USGS Hydrologist examining water collection using specialized equipment.

Lansing Area Emerging Contaminants

The USGS, in cooperation with the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, will analyze water sample results from 20 Lansing area wells. The objective of this study is to investigate well characteristics and other factors that may influence the susceptibility of drinking water-supply wells to contamination by contaminants of emerging concern. This information can be used by Lansing and other...
By
Upper Midwest Water Science Center
link

Lansing Area Emerging Contaminants

The USGS, in cooperation with the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, will analyze water sample results from 20 Lansing area wells. The objective of this study is to investigate well characteristics and other factors that may influence the susceptibility of drinking water-supply wells to contamination by contaminants of emerging concern. This information can be used by Lansing and other...
Learn More
link
Girls getting a glass of water at a well pump at The Tollgate House, Meridian Historical Village, Okemos, MI

Water Use in Michigan

The USGS compiles water use information by State including estimated amounts, sources, and categories of use every five years since 1950.
By
Water Availability and Use Science Program, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
link

Water Use in Michigan

The USGS compiles water use information by State including estimated amounts, sources, and categories of use every five years since 1950.
Learn More

Public supply water use reanalysis for the 2000-2020 period by HUC12, month, and year for the conterminous United States (ver. 2.0, August 2024)

The U.S. Geological Survey is developing national water-use models to support water resources management in the United States. Model benefits include a nationally consistent estimation approach, greater temporal and spatial resolution of estimates, efficient and automated updates of results, and capabilities to forecast water use into the future and assess model uncertainty. The term...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Inventory of water bottling facilities in the United States, 2023, and select water-use data, 1955-2022

An inventory of facilities that bottle water or other beverages containing water (including soft drinks, beer, wine, or spirits) or that manufacture ice was compiled by combining available datasets from multiple sources. This water bottling inventory dataset includes facilities within all 50 states of the United States, one federal district (Washington, District of Columbia), and three...
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Water Availability and Use Science Program, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Total monthly water withdrawals for public supply by 12-digit hydrologic unit in the conterminous United States for 2015

This dataset presents the total estimated monthly public-supply water withdrawal by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) in the conterminous United States for 2015. Public-supply water use was estimated by spatially and temporally downscaling available data from each state. The total represents combined groundwater and surface water withdrawals for 83,178 watersheds. Public supply...
By
California Water Science Center

Public supply, self-supplied domestic, irrigation, and thermoelectric water-use data from 5-year compilation datasets from 1985 to 2015 used to assess data variability and uncertainty

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Use Program is responsible for compiling and disseminating the Nation's water-use data. Working in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, the USGS has published an estimate of water use in the United States every 5 years, beginning in 1950. These 5-year compilations contain water-use estimates that are aggregated to the...
By
New Jersey Water Science Center

MODFLOW-2000 and MODPATH models for simulations used to delineate contributing areas for 2017 pumping conditions to selected wells in Ingham County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey data release

A regional groundwater flow model (https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5244/) was updated to reflect 2017 pumping conditions in the Tri-County Region covering most of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan. This model was developed to simulate the regional hydrologic system in Tri-County area and continues to be used for planning and protection of area water supplies. Revised...
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Filter Total Items: 23

Data and knowledge gaps of a water bottling facility inventory and select water-use dataset, United States

In 2023, the U.S. Geological Survey developed a national inventory of water bottling facilities for the United States, including information about locations, water sources, water use, and a collection of other attributes. The purpose of the inventory was to provide information about water bottling facilities needed to assess and improve understanding of local-, regional-, and national...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, Cheryl A. Buchwald, Gary R. Martin, Allegra E. Johnson Mckee
By
Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Next generation public supply water withdrawal estimation for the conterminous United States using machine learning and operational frameworks

Estimation of human water withdrawals is more important now than ever due to uncertain water supplies, population growth, and climate change. Fourteen percent of the total water withdrawal in the United States is used for public supply, typically including deliveries to domestic, commercial, and occasionally including industrial, irrigation, and thermoelectric water withdrawal. Stewards...
Authors
Ayman H. Alzraiee, Richard G. Niswonger, Carol L. Luukkonen, Joshua Larsen, Donald Martin, Deidre Mary Herbert, Cheryl A. Buchwald, Cheryl A. Dieter, Lisa D. Miller, Jana Stewart, Natalie Houston, Scott R. Paulinski, Kristen Valseth
By
Water Resources Mission Area, California Water Science Center, Colorado Water Science Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center

Analysis of groundwater and surface water in areas of isoxaflutole application, Tuscola and Kalamazoo Counties, Michigan

The herbicide 5-cyclopropyl-4-(2-methylsulfonyl-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl) isoxazole, also known as isoxaflutole (IXF), was conditionally approved for use on corn in Michigan in 2015. The fate of IXF and its degradates in different environmental settings and the processes by which these compounds move to groundwater or to surface-water bodies have been previously studied, but little...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, Mark E. Brigham
By
Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Factors affecting uncertainty of public supply, self-supplied domestic, irrigation, and thermoelectric water-use data, 1985–2015—Evaluation of information sources, estimation methods, and data variability

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water-Use Program is responsible for compiling and disseminating the Nation's water-use data. Working in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, the USGS has collected and published national water-use estimates every 5 years, beginning in 1950. These water-use data may vary because of actual changes in water use, because of changes in...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, Kenneth Belitz, Samantha L. Sullivan, Pierre Sargent
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Delineation of contributing areas for 2017 pumping conditions to selected wells in Ingham County, Michigan

As part of local wellhead protection area programs, areascontributing water to production wells need to be periodicallyupdated because groundwater-flow paths depend in part onthe stresses to the groundwater-flow system. A steady-stategroundwater-flow model that was constructed in 2009 wasupdated to reflect recent (2017) pumping conditions in theLansing and East Lansing area in the Tri...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Estimation of monthly water yields and flows for 1951-2012 for the United States portion of the Great Lakes Basin with AFINCH

Monthly water yields from 105,829 catchments and corresponding flows in 107,691 stream segments were estimated for water years 1951–2012 in the Great Lakes Basin in the United States. Both sets of estimates were computed by using the Analysis of Flows In Networks of CHannels (AFINCH) application within the NHDPlus geospatial data framework. AFINCH provides an environment to develop...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, David J. Holtschlag, Howard W. Reeves, Christopher J. Hoard, Lori M. Fuller
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Delineation of contributing areas to selected wells in Ingham County, Michigan

A groundwater-flow model that was constructed in 2009 was updated to reflect recent (2011–12) pumping conditions in the Tri-County region, which consists of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan. As part of local wellhead protection area programs, areas contributing water to local production wells must be periodically updated, because groundwater-flow paths depend in part on the...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Relation between organic-wastewater compounds, groundwater geochemistry, and well characteristics for selected wells in Lansing, Michigan

In 2010, groundwater from 20 Lansing Board of Water and Light (BWL) production wells was tested for 69 organic-wastewater compounds (OWCs). The OWCs detected in one-half of the sampled wells are widely used in industrial and environmental applications and commonly occur in many wastes and stormwater. To identify factors that contribute to the occurrence of these constituents in BWL wells...
Authors
Sheridan K. Haack, Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Estimation of groundwater use for a groundwater-flow model of the Lake Michigan Basin and adjacent areas, 1864-2005

The U.S. Geological Survey, at the request of Congress, is assessing the availability and use of the Nation's water resources to help characterize how much water is available now, how water availability is changing, and how much water can be expected to be available in the future. The Great Lakes Basin Pilot project of the U.S. Geological Survey national assessment of water availability...
Authors
Cheryl A. Buchwald, Carol L. Luukkonen, Cynthia M. Rachol
By
Water Resources Mission Area

Model Refinement and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan

A groundwater-flow model that was constructed in 1996 of the Saginaw aquifer was refined to better represent the regional hydrologic system in the Tri-County region, which consists of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan. With increasing demand for groundwater, the need to manage withdrawals from the Saginaw aquifer has become more important, and the 1996 model could not...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Water use for irrigation in Michigan, 2001

Each year, water-use data for Michigan are compiled or estimated by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), working in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS). The resulting information provides a category-by-category profile of over 4,200 facilities throughout the State. The data are reported in the Michigan Water Use Reporting Program, which provides needed...
Authors
Michele L. Morenz, Ron L. Van Til, Carol L. Luukkonen
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center

Simulation of ground-water flow in the Vevay Township area, Ingham County, Michigan

Ground water is the primary source of water for domestic, public-supply, and industrial use within the Tri-County region that includes Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties in Michigan. Because of the importance of this ground-water resource, numerous communities, including the city of Mason in Ingham County, have begun local Wellhead Protection Programs. In these programs, communities...
Authors
Carol L. Luukkonen, Andreanne Simard
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Was this page helpful?