Sarah is a hydrologist with the Upper Midwest Water Science Center.
Sarah began working at the Minnesota Water Science Center as a student in 2009. Since joining the USGS, Sarah has participated or led several projects investigating the occurrence, sources, and ecological effects of emerging contaminants in waters throughout Minnesota and the Great Lakes basin. Sarah has also worked on developing statistical models to predict groundwater quality in Minnesota and across the glacial aquifer. Sarah recently joined a national project team working to build capacity to rapidly assess and predict post-fire water availability issues
Additional Training:
8/2017 Supervisory Challenge
6/2015 Applied Multivariate Methods for Ecological and Environmental Data
5/2012 Statistical Methods for Environmental Data Analysis
6/2011 Field Water-Quality Methods for Groundwater and Surface Water
Professional Experience
2010-present Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
2009-2010 Student Trainee (hydrologist), U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center
Education and Certifications
2010 M.S., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., Water Resources Science, “Water quality characteristics of three rain gardens located within the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, MN”
2008 B.S., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., Environmental Science, Policy, and Management
Abstracts and Presentations
American Fisheries Society - 2018
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry North America - 2017
St. Croix Research Rendezvous - 2017
International Rainy-Lake of the Woods Watershed Forum - 2016, 2011
Midwest Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry - 2015, 2012
Minnesota Water Resources Conference - 2017, 2014, 2012, 2011
Emerging Contaminant International Conference - 2014
Science and Products
Chemicals of Concern in the Great Lakes Basin
Federal and State Partnerships Advance Understanding of Contaminants in a Human-Health Context
Contaminant Data from a Survey of Minnesota Source and Finished Drinking Waters, 2019-2022
Concentrations and laboratory quality-assurance data for six unregulated contaminants measured in source and finished drinking-water samples collected from public water systems throughout Minnesota by using ELISA and MS-based analytical methods
Pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater indicator compounds in water and bottom sediment samples collected from Great Lake tributaries, 2019
Groundwater data, predictor variables, and rasters used for predicting redox conditions in the glacial aquifer, northern continental United States
Groundwater arsenic data and ASCII grids for predicting elevated arsenic in northwestern and central Minnesota using boosted regression tree methods
Surface water and bottom sediment chemical data and landscape variable input datasets for predicting the occurrence of chemicals of emerging concern in 25 U.S. river basins in the Great Lakes basin
Chemicals of Emerging Concern and Fish Biological Endpoints Data Collected From Select Tributaries of the St. Croix River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 2011-12
Chemicals of Emerging Concern in Water and Bottom Sediment in Great Lakes Tributaries, 2014 - Collection Methods, Analytical Methods, Quality Assurance Analyses, and Data
Exposures and potential health implications of contaminant mixtures in linked source water, finished drinking water, and tapwater from public-supply drinking water systems in Minneapolis/St. Paul area, USA
Data summary report: Unregulated contaminants monitoring project
Comparison of the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to mass-spectrometry based analytical methods for six unregulated contaminants in source water and finished drinking-water samples
A pilot study to assess the influence of infiltrated stormwater on groundwater: Hydrology and trace organic contaminants
Multiple lines of evidence for identifying potential hazards to fish from contaminants of emerging concern in Great Lakes tributaries
Machine-learning predictions of high arsenic and high manganese at drinking water depths of the glacial aquifer system, northern continental United States
Identifying sources of contaminants in urban stormwater and evaluation of their removal efficacy across a continuum of urban best management practices
Machine learning predicted redox conditions in the glacial aquifer system, northern continental United States
Machine learning predictions of pH in the Glacial Aquifer System, Northern USA
Assessing the influence of natural copper-nickel-bearing bedrocks of the Duluth Complex on water quality in Minnesota, 2013–15
Concentrations of pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in groundwater downgradient from large on-site wastewater discharges
Effects of urban stormwater and iron‐enhanced sand filtration on Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas
Science and Products
- Science
Chemicals of Concern in the Great Lakes Basin
The Great Lakes are an important freshwater source of drinking water, fisheries, and habitat. Chemicals of concern are introduced to the environment by human activities, but resulting ecological consequences are little understood. With federal and University partners, we are characterizing the presence of contaminants and potential effects to fish in Great Lakes tributaries.Federal and State Partnerships Advance Understanding of Contaminants in a Human-Health Context
Partnerships between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) enhance the State's ability to evaluate human-health risks from chemicals of concern (CECs).MDH considers CECs for toxicological review and development of drinking-water guidance. The human-health information generated by the MDH puts the chemical data into an environmental health context. - Data
Contaminant Data from a Survey of Minnesota Source and Finished Drinking Waters, 2019-2022
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Health, conducted a study to determine the occurrence of unregulated contaminants in source and finished drinking waters throughout Minnesota. Minnesota relies on both groundwater and surface water sources for drinking water, which may be vulnerable to influences such as wastewater discharge and/or agricultural activities.Concentrations and laboratory quality-assurance data for six unregulated contaminants measured in source and finished drinking-water samples collected from public water systems throughout Minnesota by using ELISA and MS-based analytical methods
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Health, conducted a study to determine the occurrence of six unregulated contaminants in source and finished drinking-water samples collected from 67 public water supply systems throughout Minnesota. Minnesota relies on groundwater and surface water sources for drinking water. Land use, such as wastewater discharge and agrPesticides, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater indicator compounds in water and bottom sediment samples collected from Great Lake tributaries, 2019
This dataset consists of select contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) including pesticides and transformation products, pharmaceuticals and transformation products, and wastewater indicator compound results measured in 131 surface water, 129 bottom sediment, 7 field replicate, and 6 field blank samples collected from 131 sites located on 27 tributaries of the Great Lakes during the summer of 2019Groundwater data, predictor variables, and rasters used for predicting redox conditions in the glacial aquifer, northern continental United States
This data release contains input data used in model development and TIF raster files used to predict the probability of low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high dissolved iron (Fe) in groundwater within the glacial aquifer system in the northern continental United States. Input data include measured DO and Fe concentrations at groundwater wells, and associated predictor variable data. The probability ofGroundwater arsenic data and ASCII grids for predicting elevated arsenic in northwestern and central Minnesota using boosted regression tree methods
This data release contains: (1) ASCII grids of predicted probability of elevated arsenic in groundwater for the Northwest and Central Minnesota regions, (2) input arsenic and predictive variable data used in model development and calculation of predictions, and (3) ASCII files used to predict the probability of elevated arsenic across the two study regions. The probability of elevated arsenic wasSurface water and bottom sediment chemical data and landscape variable input datasets for predicting the occurrence of chemicals of emerging concern in 25 U.S. river basins in the Great Lakes basin
This data release includes concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC), by chemical class, for sites sampled within 25 river basins in the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes basin and associated watershed characteristics. The CEC data include concentrations in surface water and sediment samples that were collected during 2010-2014. During the first 3 years, sample sites near mostly urbanChemicals of Emerging Concern and Fish Biological Endpoints Data Collected From Select Tributaries of the St. Croix River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 2011-12
The U.S. Geological Survey, National Park Service, St. Cloud State University, and the University of St. Thomas conducted a cooperative study to investigate the occurrence of chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) and potential effects to aquatic biota in select tributaries of the St. Croix River in Minnesota and Wisconsin. In 2011, treated wastewater effluent samples were collected from 22 sites inChemicals of Emerging Concern in Water and Bottom Sediment in Great Lakes Tributaries, 2014 - Collection Methods, Analytical Methods, Quality Assurance Analyses, and Data
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and St. Cloud State University (SCSU), identified the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water and bottom sediment collected in 2014 at 65 sites throughout the Great Lakes Basin. The 2014 effort is part of a long-term study that began in 2010. Included in this directory are colle - Publications
Filter Total Items: 28
Exposures and potential health implications of contaminant mixtures in linked source water, finished drinking water, and tapwater from public-supply drinking water systems in Minneapolis/St. Paul area, USA
Continued improvements in drinking-water quality characterization and treatment/distribution infrastructure are required to address the expanding number of documented environmental contaminants. To better understand the variability in contaminant exposures from the drinking water resource (surface and groundwater), through the distribution process, to the point-of-use (tapwater), in 2019 a synoptiAuthorsKelly Smalling, Paul Bradley, Kristin Romanok, Sarah M. Elliott, Jane de Lambert, Michael J. Focazio, Stephanie Gordon, James L. Gray, Leslie K. Kanagy, Michelle Hladik, Keith Loftin, R. Blaine McCleskey, Elizabeth Medlock-Kakaley, Mary C. Cardon, Nicola Evans, Christopher P. WeisData summary report: Unregulated contaminants monitoring project
The Drinking Water Protection Section of the Minnesota Department of Health conducted reconnaissance monitoring of selected public water systems in Minnesota. Funding was obtained primarily from the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund. Sampling was conducted in 2019 and 2021. Laboratory analysis of samples was conducted for a variety of different contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), iAuthorsJane de Lambert, Alycia Overbo, Steve Robertson, Sarah M. ElliottComparison of the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to mass-spectrometry based analytical methods for six unregulated contaminants in source water and finished drinking-water samples
Regulatory entities, such as the Minnesota Department of Health, monitor public water systems for conformance with Federal and State monitoring requirements and water-quality standards. Although some contaminants have Federal and (or) State regulations and guidance values, many contaminants, such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals, are unregulated in that only non-enforceable health-based guidanceAuthorsAliesha L. Krall, Sarah M. Elliott, Jane R. de Lambert, Stephen W. RobertsonA pilot study to assess the influence of infiltrated stormwater on groundwater: Hydrology and trace organic contaminants
Underground infiltration basins (UIBs) mimic the natural hydrologic cycle by allowing stormwater to recharge local groundwater aquifers. However, little is known about the potential transport of organic contaminants to receiving groundwater. We conducted a pilot study in which we collected paired grab samples of stormwater runoff flowing into two UIBs (inflow) and shallow groundwater adjacent to tAuthorsSarah M. Elliott, Richard L. Kiesling, Andrew M. Berg, Heiko L. SchoenfussMultiple lines of evidence for identifying potential hazards to fish from contaminants of emerging concern in Great Lakes tributaries
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs; e.g., pharmaceuticals, flame retardants, pesticides, and industrial chemicals) are omnipresent throughout tributaries to the Great Lakes. Furthermore, CECs are often present at concentrations that are potentially hazardous to aquatic species. Since 2010, we characterized the presence of CECs at 309 sites within 47 Great Lakes tributaries and characterized reAuthorsSarah M. Elliott, Daniel J. Gefell, Richard L. Kiesling, Stephanie L. Hummel, Chryssa K. King, Charles H. Christen, Satomi Kohno, Heiko L. SchoenfussMachine-learning predictions of high arsenic and high manganese at drinking water depths of the glacial aquifer system, northern continental United States
Globally, over 200 million people are chronically exposed to arsenic (As) and/or manganese (Mn) from drinking water. We used machine-learning (ML) boosted regression tree (BRT) models to predict high As (>10 μg/L) and Mn (>300 μg/L) in groundwater from the glacial aquifer system (GLAC), which spans 25 states in the northern United States and provides drinking water to 30 million people. Our BRT moAuthorsMelinda L. Erickson, Sarah M. Elliott, Craig J. Brown, Paul Stackelberg, Katherine Marie Ransom, James E. Reddy, Charles A. CravottaIdentifying sources of contaminants in urban stormwater and evaluation of their removal efficacy across a continuum of urban best management practices
Precipitation events in urban areas often result in stormwater runoff containing a diverse array of chemical contaminants. Although many traditional contaminants, such as nutrients, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been studied extensively, only recently has evidence emerged showing that trace organic compounds (TrOCs), including pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pAuthorsHeiko L. Schoenfuss, Richard L. Kiesling, Sarah M. Elliott, Satomi KohnoMachine learning predicted redox conditions in the glacial aquifer system, northern continental United States
Groundwater supplies 50% of drinking water worldwide and 30% in the United States. Geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants can, however, compromise water quality, thus limiting groundwater availability. Reduction/oxidation (redox) processes and redox conditions affect groundwater quality by influencing the mobility and transport of common geogenic and anthropogenic contaminants. In the glacial aquAuthorsMelinda L. Erickson, Sarah M. Elliott, Craig J. Brown, Paul Stackelberg, Katherine Marie Ransom, James E. ReddyMachine learning predictions of pH in the Glacial Aquifer System, Northern USA
A boosted regression tree model was developed to predict pH conditions in three dimensions throughout the glacial aquifer system of the contiguous United States using pH measurements in samples from 18,386 wells and predictor variables that represent aspects of the hydrogeologic setting. Model results indicate that the carbonate content of soils and aquifer materials strongly controls pH and, whenAuthorsPaul Stackelberg, Kenneth Belitz, Craig J. Brown, Melinda L. Erickson, Sarah M. Elliott, Leon J. Kauffman, Katherine Marie Ransom, James E. ReddyAssessing the influence of natural copper-nickel-bearing bedrocks of the Duluth Complex on water quality in Minnesota, 2013–15
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the University of Minnesota-Duluth Natural Resources Research Institute, completed an assessment of regional water quality in areas of potential base-metal mining in Minnesota. Bedrock, soil, streambed sediment, and surface-water samples were collected in three watersheds that cross the basal part of the Duluth Complex with different mineral-depositAuthorsSarah M. Elliott, Perry M. Jones, Laurel G. Woodruff, Carrie E. Jennings, Aliesha L. Krall, Daniel L. MorelConcentrations of pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants in groundwater downgradient from large on-site wastewater discharges
Large subsurface treatment systems (LSTS) and rapid infiltration basins (RIB) are preferred onsite wastewater treatments compared to direct discharge of treated wastewater to streams and adjacent facilities. Discharge of these wastewater treatments may result in contaminant loading to aquifers that also serve as drinking water sources downgradient from the discharge site. Until recently, few studiAuthorsSarah M. Elliott, Melinda L. Erickson, Aliesha L. Krall, Byron A. AdamsEffects of urban stormwater and iron‐enhanced sand filtration on Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas
Urban stormwater is an important but incompletely characterized contributor to surface‐water toxicity. The present study used 5 bioassays of 2 model organisms (Daphnia magnaand fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas) to investigate stormwater toxicity and mitigation by full‐scale iron‐enhanced sand filters (IESFs). Stormwater samples were collected from major stormwater conveyances and full‐scale IESAuthorsBenjamin M. Westerhoff, David J. Fairbairn, Mark L. Ferrey, Adriana Matilla, Jordan Kunkel, Sarah M. Elliott, Richard L. Kiesling, Dustin Woodruff, Heiko L. Schoenfuss