Data

The LANDFIRE 2024 Update (LF 2024) This product suite maintains LANDFIRE's ongoing goal to release annual updates every year that are current to the previous year. This means LF 2024 accounts for disturbances up through Fiscal Year 2024 and is being released in 2025. The releases are intended to provide critical, up-to-date information ahead of the fire season for areas of the United...

Eleven pre-established plots within the 2000 Highland Creek Fire perimeter were revisited in 2025 with the purpose of characterizing long-term vegetation recovery as well as present-day fuel loads and forest structure. These research plots were originally established in Wind Cave National Park to assess burn severity using the Composite Burn Index. Additionally, 28 plots established in...

Vegetation structure and fuels data are essential for understanding fire behavior following management treatments such as mechanical thinning and prescribed burning. To evaluate these processes, 133 plots were established between July 17 and September 21, 2025 across national forests and parks in the Sierra Nevada. These plots consisted of treated and untreated areas for comparison...

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists and engineers from the Earth Resources Observation and Science Center (EROS) Calibration/Validation Center of Excellence (ECCOE) and the National Uncrewed Systems Office (NUSO) conducted field data collection efforts July 15 – 18, 2023 at the USGS EROS facility in Minnehaha County, South Dakota. The data collected included multispectral (MS) and

Exotic annual grasses are one of the most damaging biological stressors in western North America and increase the susceptibility of landscapes to wildfire occurrence. Here we couple estimates of long-term rangeland component fractions (e.g. exotic annual grasses) with remote sensing, climate data, and machine learning techniques to estimate the long-term (1985 to 2019) probability of...

Exotic annual grasses [EAG] are one of the most damaging biological stressors in western North America. Despite numerous environmental and societal impacts associated with EAG there remains a need to enhance regional monitoring capabilities to better guide management and conservation efforts. Here we provide estimates of historic and potential future trends in EAG abundance that were...

Contemporary climate change in Alaska has resulted in amplified rates of press and pulse disturbances that drive ecosystem change with significant consequences for socio-environmental systems. Despite the vulnerability of Arctic and boreal landscapes to change, little has been done to characterize landscape change and associated drivers across northern high-latitude ecosystems. Here we

The monitoring of landscape change is widely recognized as an important component towards understanding how the Earth changes and the impacts of, and to, human societies. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center has been developing a monitoring capability suitable for monitoring land change along with climate-related factors towards the long...

Post-fire vegetation status and condition have multiple implications. They are indicative of burn severity and the lasting impacts of fire the land; they also help inform post-fire debris flow modeling and related risk analyses, hydrology and water quality assessments, and vulnerability to invasive species. Monitoring vegetation recovery over time enables continuous re-evaluation of...

Remote sensing-based evapotranspiration (ET) can be derived using various methods, from soil moisture accounting to vegetation-index based approaches to simple and complex surface energy balance techniques. Due to the complexity of fully representing and parameterizing ET sub-processes, different models tend to diverge in their estimations. However, most models appear to provide...

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides Level-2 Provisional Aquatic Reflectance (AR) Products through EROS Science Processing Architecture (ESPA) On-Demand Interface for the Collection 2 Landsat 8-9 archive. This dataset includes n=742 provisional AR products for the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) bands for the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor at 30 meters resolution coincident...

Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) land surface temperature (LST) data is derived from Landsat thermal band. The LST including annual mean LST (MeanLST) and annual maximum LST (AVEMaxLST). The annual mean LST (MeanLST) therefore represents the average of all clear observations in a specific year. The seasonal maximum temperatures were then averaged to represent the annual mean maximum LST...