The USGS Earth Mapping Resources Initiative and USGS 3D Elevation Program (3DEP), Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies Office, Natural Resources Conservation Services, and Bureau of Land Management have partnered to conduct airborne geophysical and 3DEP lidar surveys over parts of Nevada and California to collect information on undiscovered geothermal, criti
Geothermal Resource Investigations Project Active
Geothermal Resource Investigations Project (GRIP)
Geothermal energy is a significant source of renewable electric power in the western United States and, with advances in exploration and development technologies, a potential source of a large fraction of baseload electric power for the entire country. This project focuses on advancing geothermal research through a better understanding of geothermal resources and the impacts of geothermal development. This is achieved by applying a wide range of research methods to characterize resource occurrences, monitor geothermal developments, and conduct resource assessments. While much emphasis has been placed on electricity generation, low-temperature geothermal resources and thermal energy storage in geological reservoirs have been identified as potentially large sources of energy for direct-use heating and cooling of infrastructure across the entire US. The results of national-scale assessments and supporting research studies provide State and Federal government policymakers with the information they need to evaluate the potential contribution of geothermal energy to the nation’s energy mix.
Why are we studying these issues?
The understanding of what constitutes a geothermal energy resource has evolved over time. Conventional hydrothermal systems were the first systems identified and developed to produce electric power, taking advantage of natural groundwater circulation through rock at elevated temperatures, resulting in significant advective transport of heat to near land-surface. Geothermal heat is plentiful, and if deep permeability can be located or engineered (EGS) within the identified hot rock underlying the western US, then geothermal energy could provide electric power equivalent to approximately 50% of the current US electric power production capacity. While much emphasis has been placed on electricity generation, low-temperature geothermal resources and thermal energy storage in geological reservoirs have been identified as potentially large sources of energy for direct-use heating and cooling of infrastructure across the entire US.
USGS has major responsibilities defined in Federal legislation, notably:
The most-specific mandate for USGS is to make “regional and national appraisals of all types of geothermal resources”. In response to the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970, in 1971, the USGS identified “known geothermal resource areas”, and completed the first national-scale assessment of geothermal resources of the US. In response to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, geothermal energy assessments were updated. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 states that assessment updates are to be completed “as the availability of data and developments in technology warrants”.
Our objectives
These objectives comprehensively address the five interrelated goals of the USGS Energy and Minerals Science Strategy
- Conduct regional and national scale geothermal energy assessments for the benefit of the US. Inventory and estimate each type of geothermal energy for which we have sufficient data and technical understanding about development of a potentially viable resource
- Cooperatively conduct fundamental and applied research into processes that control the occurrence and development of geothermal resources. USGS GRIP efforts are focused on characterization of each resource, which is distinct from prospecting or development activities, though there are synergies between these activities. This includes research on unintended adverse impacts to the environment. This information is used both to refine assessments and to advise partner agencies so that they may effectively achieve their missions.
Meeting Science Strategy goals
- Understand fundamental Earth processes that form energy and mineral resources
- Understand the environmental behavior of energy and mineral resources and their waste products
- Provide inventories and assessments of energy and mineral resources
- Understand the effects of energy and mineral development on the environment and society
- Understand the reliability and availability of energy and mineral supplies
Low-temperature geothermal resources and thermal energy storage are both identified as hugely under-utilized. Geothermal resources could grow to supply more than 320 GWth of heating and cooling by 2050. USGS can provide critical assessment maps for the full range of geothermal resource types, can contribute to identified technological improvements for the characterization of resources, and can develop products that can aid the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and other regulatory agencies in streamlining their permitting processes. Shortened permitting timelines are identified as a critical factor for effective geothermal development, and appropriate products generated by this project will aid partners in the decision-making process.
Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI)
Data associated with this project
GeoDAWN: Airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys of the northwestern Great Basin, Nevada and California
Maps of elevation trend and detrended elevation for the Great Basin, USA
Mineralogy, strontium (87Sr/86Sr), oxygen (18O/16O) and carbon (13C/12C) isotope composition, elemental concentrations, and U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA
Chemical and isotopic composition of gas, water, and solids from the 2019-2020 water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii
Provisional Multi-GAS Volcanic Gas Monitoring Data, Obsidian Pool thermal area, Yellowstone National Park
Regional geophysical maps of the Great Basin, USA
Elemental and Strontium Isotopic Composition of Select Central Plateau and Upper Basin Member Rhyolites, Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field
Geothermal resource favorability: select features and predictions for the western United States curated for DOI 10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102662
Radiocarbon dating of silicified wood from around Steamboat Geyser in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, 2021-2022
Sr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park,
Water-Chemistry and Isotope Data for Selected Springs, Geysers, Streams, and Rivers in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Heat flow maps and supporting data for the Great Basin, USA
Three-dimensional geologic map the southeastern Gabbs Valley geothermal area, Nevada
The USGS Earth Mapping Resources Initiative and USGS 3D Elevation Program (3DEP), Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies Office, Natural Resources Conservation Services, and Bureau of Land Management have partnered to conduct airborne geophysical and 3DEP lidar surveys over parts of Nevada and California to collect information on undiscovered geothermal, criti
Publications associated with this project
Predicting large hydrothermal systems
We train five models using two machine learning (ML) regression algorithms (i.e., linear regression and XGBoost) to predict hydrothermal upflow in the Great Basin. Feature data are extracted from datasets supporting the INnovative Geothermal Exploration through Novel Investigations Of Undiscovered Systems project (INGENIOUS). The label data (the reported convective signals) are extracted from meas
Don’t Let Negatives Hold You Back: Accounting for Underlying Physics and Natural Distributions of Hydrothermal Systems When Selecting Negative Training Sites Leads to Better Machine Learning Predictions
Selecting negative training sites is an important challenge to resolve when utilizing machine learning (ML) for predicting hydrothermal resource favorability because ideal models would discriminate between hydrothermal systems (positives) and all types of locations without hydrothermal systems (negatives). The Nevada Machine Learning project (NVML) fit an artificial neural network to identify area
Cursed? Why one does not simply add new data sets to supervised geothermal machine learning models
Recent advances in machine learning (ML) identifying areas favorable to hydrothermal systems indicate that the resolution of feature data remains a subject of necessary improvement before ML can reliably produce better models. Herein, we consider the value of adding new features or replacing other, low-value features with new input features in existing ML pipelines. Our previous work identified st
Exploratory analysis of machine learning techniques in the Nevada geothermal play fairway analysis
Effect of thermal and mechanical processes on hydraulic transmissivity evolution
When less is more: How increasing the complexity of machine learning strategies for geothermal energy assessments may not lead toward better estimates
New maps of conductive heat flow in the Great Basin, USA: Separating conductive and convective influences
Effects of structure and volcanic stratigraphy on groundwater and surface water flow: Hat Creek basin, California, USA
Geochemistry and fluxes of gases from hydrothermal features at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, USA
Violent groundwater eruption triggered by a distant earthquake
Discovering hidden geothermal signatures using non-negative matrix factorization with customized k-means clustering
What did they just say? Building a Rosetta stone for geoscience and machine learning
Web tools associated with this project
Western United States Geothermal Favorability
This map shows identified medium and high temperature geothermal systems and relative favorability for additional systems in the western United States.
- Overview
Geothermal energy is a significant source of renewable electric power in the western United States and, with advances in exploration and development technologies, a potential source of a large fraction of baseload electric power for the entire country. This project focuses on advancing geothermal research through a better understanding of geothermal resources and the impacts of geothermal development. This is achieved by applying a wide range of research methods to characterize resource occurrences, monitor geothermal developments, and conduct resource assessments. While much emphasis has been placed on electricity generation, low-temperature geothermal resources and thermal energy storage in geological reservoirs have been identified as potentially large sources of energy for direct-use heating and cooling of infrastructure across the entire US. The results of national-scale assessments and supporting research studies provide State and Federal government policymakers with the information they need to evaluate the potential contribution of geothermal energy to the nation’s energy mix.
Why are we studying these issues?
The understanding of what constitutes a geothermal energy resource has evolved over time. Conventional hydrothermal systems were the first systems identified and developed to produce electric power, taking advantage of natural groundwater circulation through rock at elevated temperatures, resulting in significant advective transport of heat to near land-surface. Geothermal heat is plentiful, and if deep permeability can be located or engineered (EGS) within the identified hot rock underlying the western US, then geothermal energy could provide electric power equivalent to approximately 50% of the current US electric power production capacity. While much emphasis has been placed on electricity generation, low-temperature geothermal resources and thermal energy storage in geological reservoirs have been identified as potentially large sources of energy for direct-use heating and cooling of infrastructure across the entire US.
USGS has major responsibilities defined in Federal legislation, notably:
The most-specific mandate for USGS is to make “regional and national appraisals of all types of geothermal resources”. In response to the Geothermal Steam Act of 1970, in 1971, the USGS identified “known geothermal resource areas”, and completed the first national-scale assessment of geothermal resources of the US. In response to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, geothermal energy assessments were updated. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 states that assessment updates are to be completed “as the availability of data and developments in technology warrants”.
Our objectives
These objectives comprehensively address the five interrelated goals of the USGS Energy and Minerals Science Strategy
- Conduct regional and national scale geothermal energy assessments for the benefit of the US. Inventory and estimate each type of geothermal energy for which we have sufficient data and technical understanding about development of a potentially viable resource
- Cooperatively conduct fundamental and applied research into processes that control the occurrence and development of geothermal resources. USGS GRIP efforts are focused on characterization of each resource, which is distinct from prospecting or development activities, though there are synergies between these activities. This includes research on unintended adverse impacts to the environment. This information is used both to refine assessments and to advise partner agencies so that they may effectively achieve their missions.
Meeting Science Strategy goals
- Understand fundamental Earth processes that form energy and mineral resources
- Understand the environmental behavior of energy and mineral resources and their waste products
- Provide inventories and assessments of energy and mineral resources
- Understand the effects of energy and mineral development on the environment and society
- Understand the reliability and availability of energy and mineral supplies
Low-temperature geothermal resources and thermal energy storage are both identified as hugely under-utilized. Geothermal resources could grow to supply more than 320 GWth of heating and cooling by 2050. USGS can provide critical assessment maps for the full range of geothermal resource types, can contribute to identified technological improvements for the characterization of resources, and can develop products that can aid the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and other regulatory agencies in streamlining their permitting processes. Shortened permitting timelines are identified as a critical factor for effective geothermal development, and appropriate products generated by this project will aid partners in the decision-making process.
- Science
Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI)
The goal of Earth MRI is to improve our knowledge of the geologic framework in the United States and to identify areas that may have the potential to contain undiscovered critical mineral resources. Enhancement of our domestic mineral supply will decrease the Nation’s reliance on foreign sources of minerals that are fundamental to our security and economy. - Data
Data associated with this project
Filter Total Items: 23GeoDAWN: Airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys of the northwestern Great Basin, Nevada and California
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Department of Energy (DOE) have collaborated to acquire high-resolution airborne magnetic and radiometric data, over northern and western Nevada and eastern California, to support geologic and geophysical mapping and modeling that will assist geothermal and critical mineral studies. The surveys, referred to as GeoDAWN (Geoscience Data Acquisition for WesteMaps of elevation trend and detrended elevation for the Great Basin, USA
Topography provides information about the structural controls of the Great Basin and therefore information that may be used to identify favorable structural settings for geothermal systems. Specifically, local relative topography gives information about locations of faults and fault intersections relative to mountains, valleys, or at the transitions between. As part of U.S. Geological Survey efforMineralogy, strontium (87Sr/86Sr), oxygen (18O/16O) and carbon (13C/12C) isotope composition, elemental concentrations, and U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park, USA
Chemical changes in hot springs, as recorded by thermal waters and their mineral deposits, provide a window into the evolution of Yellowstone’s postglacial hydrothermal system. Travertine precipitated from thermal waters provide a record of chemical changes through time because they can be dated using U-series disequilibrium geochronology. These temporal data, along with measured radiogenic 87Sr/8Chemical and isotopic composition of gas, water, and solids from the 2019-2020 water lake in Halema’uma’u Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii
Following the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano (Neal et al, 2019) and the subsequent collapse of the Halema’uma’u crater, groundwater gradually seeped into the newly-deepened crater (Nadeau and others, 2020). Water was first observed in the crater on 7/26/2019, and the water level increased over time until 12/20/2020, when the crater again filled with lava, vaporizing the lake. In the interveningProvisional Multi-GAS Volcanic Gas Monitoring Data, Obsidian Pool thermal area, Yellowstone National Park
This release presents provisional volcanic gas monitoring data from multi-GAS (multiple Gas Analyzer System) station "YELL_MUD", installed in July 2021 in the Obsidian Pool thermal area, Yellowstone National Park, USA. The multi-GAS station includes gas sensors to measure water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gas plumes, as well as meteorologic paraRegional geophysical maps of the Great Basin, USA
Regional geophysical maps of the Great Basin, USA were generated from new and existing sources to support ongoing efforts to characterize geothermal resource potential in the western US. These include: (1) a provisional regional gravity grid that was produced from data compiled from multiple sources: data collected by the USGS and Utah Geological Survey under various projects, industry sources, anElemental and Strontium Isotopic Composition of Select Central Plateau and Upper Basin Member Rhyolites, Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field
The Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic field consists of lavas from the last two million years. The most recent volcanic units are the Central Plateau Member and the older Upper Basin Member rhyolites (Christiansen, 2001). Investigations into the elemental and isotopic composition of these lavas can provide insight into the recent volcanic history of the different eruptive episodes and provide constrainGeothermal resource favorability: select features and predictions for the western United States curated for DOI 10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102662
The data contained herein are five input features (i.e., heat flow, distance to the nearest quaternary fault, distance to the nearest quaternary magma body, seismic event density, maximum horizontal stress) and labels (i.e., where known geothermal systems have been identified) from Williams and DeAngelo (2008) and nine favorability maps from Mordensky et al. (2023). The favorability maps are the uRadiocarbon dating of silicified wood from around Steamboat Geyser in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, 2021-2022
In the past century, eruptions of Steamboat Geyser in Yellowstone’s Norris Geyser Basin were mainly clustered in three episodes: between 1961 and 1969, between 1982 and 1984, and in a sequence of eruptions that began in 2018 (Reed et al., 2021) and resulted in extensive damage to, and mortality of the surrounding trees. To characterize tree response to geyser activity over time, and the response oSr and U concentrations and radiogenic isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 234U/238U) of thermal waters, streamflow, travertine, and rock samples along with U-Th disequilibrium ages for travertine deposits from various locations in Yellowstone National Park,
The radiogenic isotope ratios of strontium (Sr) and uranium (U), specifically 87Sr/86Sr and 234U/238U, are useful tracers of water-rock interactions. Sr isotopic compositions in groundwater are mostly controlled by dissolution or exchange with Sr contained in aquifer rocks whereas the U isotopic compositions are more controlled by chemical and kinetic processes during groundwater flow. InsightsWater-Chemistry and Isotope Data for Selected Springs, Geysers, Streams, and Rivers in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
There are over 10,000 hydrothermal features in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), where waters have pH values ranging from about 1 to 10 and surface temperatures up to 95 °C. Active geothermal areas in YNP provide insight into a variety of processes occurring at depth, such as water-rock and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, the formation of alteration minerals, and microbial (thermophile) metaHeat flow maps and supporting data for the Great Basin, USA
Geothermal well data from Southern Methodist University (SMU, 2021) and the U.S. Geological Survey (Sass et al., 2005) were used to create maps of estimated background conductive heat flow across the greater Great Basin region of the western US. The heat flow maps in this data release were created using a process that sought to remove hydrothermal convective influence from predictions of backgroun - Maps
Three-dimensional geologic map the southeastern Gabbs Valley geothermal area, Nevada
This three-dimensional (3D) geologic map displays the subsurface geology in the upper ~4 kilometers of the Earth’s crust in the southeastern Gabbs Valley geothermal area of west-central Nevada. The 3D map was constructed by integrating the results from detailed geologic mapping, 3D gravity inversion modeling, and potential-field-geophysical studies. This effort was undertaken as part of the Nevada - Multimedia
GeoDAWN: Geoscience Data Acquisition for Western NevadaGeoDAWN: Geoscience Data Acquisition for Western Nevada
The USGS Earth Mapping Resources Initiative and USGS 3D Elevation Program (3DEP), Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies Office, Natural Resources Conservation Services, and Bureau of Land Management have partnered to conduct airborne geophysical and 3DEP lidar surveys over parts of Nevada and California to collect information on undiscovered geothermal, criti
The USGS Earth Mapping Resources Initiative and USGS 3D Elevation Program (3DEP), Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies Office, Natural Resources Conservation Services, and Bureau of Land Management have partnered to conduct airborne geophysical and 3DEP lidar surveys over parts of Nevada and California to collect information on undiscovered geothermal, criti
- Publications
Publications associated with this project
Filter Total Items: 28Predicting large hydrothermal systems
We train five models using two machine learning (ML) regression algorithms (i.e., linear regression and XGBoost) to predict hydrothermal upflow in the Great Basin. Feature data are extracted from datasets supporting the INnovative Geothermal Exploration through Novel Investigations Of Undiscovered Systems project (INGENIOUS). The label data (the reported convective signals) are extracted from meas
AuthorsStanley Paul Mordensky, Erick Burns, Jacob DeAngelo, John LiporDon’t Let Negatives Hold You Back: Accounting for Underlying Physics and Natural Distributions of Hydrothermal Systems When Selecting Negative Training Sites Leads to Better Machine Learning Predictions
Selecting negative training sites is an important challenge to resolve when utilizing machine learning (ML) for predicting hydrothermal resource favorability because ideal models would discriminate between hydrothermal systems (positives) and all types of locations without hydrothermal systems (negatives). The Nevada Machine Learning project (NVML) fit an artificial neural network to identify area
AuthorsPascal D. Caraccioli, Stanley Paul Mordensky, Cary R. Lindsey, Jacob DeAngelo, Erick Burns, John LiporCursed? Why one does not simply add new data sets to supervised geothermal machine learning models
Recent advances in machine learning (ML) identifying areas favorable to hydrothermal systems indicate that the resolution of feature data remains a subject of necessary improvement before ML can reliably produce better models. Herein, we consider the value of adding new features or replacing other, low-value features with new input features in existing ML pipelines. Our previous work identified st
AuthorsStanley Paul Mordensky, Erick Burns, John Lipor, Jacob DeAngeloExploratory analysis of machine learning techniques in the Nevada geothermal play fairway analysis
Play fairway analysis (PFA) is commonly used to generate geothermal potential maps and guide exploration studies, with a particular focus on locating and characterizing blind geothermal systems. This study evaluates the application of machine learning techniques to PFA in the Great Basin region of Nevada. Following the evaluation of various techniques, we identified two approaches to PFA that prodAuthorsConnor M. Smith, James E. Faulds, Stephen C. Brown, Mark Coolbaugh, Jacob DeAngelo, Jonathan M.G. Glen, Erick Burns, Drew Lorenz Siler, Sven Treitel, Eli Mlawsky, Michael Fehler, Chen Gu, Bridget F. AylingEffect of thermal and mechanical processes on hydraulic transmissivity evolution
Fracture healing is a critical component of enhanced geothermal systems, the earthquake cycle, and induced seismicity. Accordingly, there is significant interest in understanding the process of healing and its effects on fluid transport. The creation, reactivation, and sustainability of fracture networks depend on complex coupling among thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical processes. We usAuthorsTamara Nicole Jeppson, David A. Lockner, Joshua M. Taron, Diane E. Moore, Brian D. Kilgore, Nicholas M. Beeler, Stephen H. HickmanWhen less is more: How increasing the complexity of machine learning strategies for geothermal energy assessments may not lead toward better estimates
Previous moderate- and high-temperature geothermal resource assessments of the western United States utilized data-driven methods and expert decisions to estimate resource favorability. Although expert decisions can add confidence to the modeling process by ensuring reasonable models are employed, expert decisions also introduce human and, thereby, model bias. This bias can present a source of errAuthorsStanley Paul Mordensky, John Lipor, Jacob DeAngelo, Erick R. Burns, Cary Ruth LindseyNew maps of conductive heat flow in the Great Basin, USA: Separating conductive and convective influences
Geothermal well data from Southern Methodist University and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) were used to create maps of estimated background conductive heat flow across the Great Basin region of the western United States. These heat flow maps were generated as part of the USGS hydrothermal and Enhanced Geothermal Systems resource assessment process, and the creation process seeks to remove the iAuthorsJacob DeAngelo, Erick R. Burns, Emilie Gentry, Joseph F. Batir, Cary Ruth Lindsey, Stanley Paul MordenskyEffects of structure and volcanic stratigraphy on groundwater and surface water flow: Hat Creek basin, California, USA
Hydrogeologic systems in the southern Cascade Range in California (USA) develop in volcanic rocks where morphology, stratigraphy, extensional structures, and attendant basin geometry play a central role in groundwater flow paths, groundwater/surface-water interactions, and spring discharge locations. High-volume springs (greater than 3 m3/s) flow from basin-filling (<800 ka) volcanic rocks in theAuthorsMarina Francesca Marcelli, Erick R. Burns, L. J. Patrick Muffler, Andrew J Meigs, Jennifer A. Curtis, Christian E. TorgersenGeochemistry and fluxes of gases from hydrothermal features at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, USA
We present the chemical and isotopic compositions of gases and fluxes of CO2 from the hydrothermal features of Newberry Volcano, a large composite volcano located in Oregon's Cascade Range with a summit caldera that hosts two lakes, Paulina and East Lakes. Gas samples were collected from 1982 to 2021 from Paulina Hot Springs (PHS) on the shore of Paulina Lake, East Lake Hot Springs (ELHS) on the sAuthorsJennifer L. Lewicki, William C. Evans, Steven E. Ingebritsen, Laura E. Clor, Peter J. Kelly, Sara Peek, Robert A. Jensen, Andrew HuntViolent groundwater eruption triggered by a distant earthquake
It is now well established that earthquakes cause various hydrogeological responses at distances thousands of kilometers from the epicenter. What remains unexplained is the large amplitude and intensity of some responses. Following the 2004 Mw 9.1 Sumatra earthquake, groundwater 3,200 km from the epicenter erupted violently from a well and formed a water fountain reaching a height exceeding 60 m.AuthorsXin Yan, Zheming Shi, Chi-Yuen Wang, Steven E. Ingebritsen, Michael MangaDiscovering hidden geothermal signatures using non-negative matrix factorization with customized k-means clustering
Discovery of hidden geothermal resources is challenging. It requires the mining of large datasets with diverse data attributes representing subsurface hydrogeological and geothermal conditions. The commonly used play fairway analysis approach typically incorporates subject-matter expertise to analyze regional data to estimate geothermal characteristics and favorability. We demonstrate an alternatiAuthorsVelimir V. Vesselinov, Bulbul Ahmmed, Maruti K. Mudunuru, Jeff D. Pepin, Erick R. Burns, Drew L. Siler, Satish Karra, Richard S. MiddletonWhat did they just say? Building a Rosetta stone for geoscience and machine learning
Modern advancements in science and engineering are built upon multidisciplinary projects that bring experts together from different fields. Within their respective disciplines, researchers rely on precise terminology for specific ideas, principles, methods, and theories. Hence, the potential for miscommunication is substantial, especially when common words have been adopted by one (or both) group(AuthorsStanley Paul Mordensky, John Lipor, Erick R. Burns, Cary Ruth Lindsey - Web Tools
Web tools associated with this project
Western United States Geothermal Favorability
This map shows identified medium and high temperature geothermal systems and relative favorability for additional systems in the western United States.
- News