Data

Groundwater salinity impacts water quality and limits usability for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes where salinity is high. Salinity is a measure of the mass of dissolved salts in a given volume of solution and is closely related to the concentration of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as well as the ability of water to conduct electricity, or specific conductance (SC)...

This dataset includes paleomagnetic analyses of lava samples from Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi. Analyses were performed using a cryogenic magnetometer in Menlo Park, California, USA. The data were collected as part of fundamental geologic mapping of the Southwest Rift Zone, East Rift Zone, summit, and south flank regions of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi. These data (when...

This release includes data collected during campaign GNSS surveys at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes on the Island of Hawaiʻi in 2025. It includes data from a total of 46 sites occupied from January 1 to August 15, 2025 (see note below). For each site, we include its measured raw data in daily files, Receiver INdependent EXchange (RINEX) files for each day, field log sheet(s), and...

The June 2023 Halema‘uma‘u eruption began on June 7 and ended on June 19 (~2 weeks; Mulliken et al. 2024). Field crews from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory collected frothy pumice clasts from initial high fountaining on 7 June 2023 from accessible regions southwest of Kaluapele (Kīlauea’s summit caldera). Samples were collected from within a publicly closed area...

A series of hydrothermal frictional strength experiments was conducted on synthetic gouges prepared from five chlorite-rich samples of varying composition. We present chlorite mineral compositions obtained by electron microprobe techniques, and X-ray diffraction and bulk chemical analyses of the gouges that were prepared by hand-grinding each sample to less than 90-µm grain diameter...

This release includes data collected during campaign GNSS surveys at Kīlauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualālai volcanoes on the Island of Hawaiʻi in 2024. It includes data from a total of 63 sites occupied from January 1 to December 31, 2024. For each site, we include its measured raw data in daily files, Receiver INdependent EXchange (RINEX) files for each day, field log sheet(s), and associated...

Shoreline position data from the CoastSat methodology were used to describe beach changes along the California coast during 1984-2024. This data release includes the results of the time-series analyses, including mean annual deseasonalized shoreline positions for 329 beach segments and total uncertainty in these measurements. These techniques were applied to 329 beach segments, which...

This data release provides datasets supporting research on landslides triggered by a series of storms in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, that occurred between December 25, 2022, through January 19, 2023. During this period, eight atmospheric river storms delivered intense and prolonged rainfall across the region, leading to significant hydrological responses and widespread...

Paleoecologic analyses of cores from the estuarine areas of Everglades National Park (ENP) by the U.S. Geological Survey began in the mid-1990s. Results of these analyses have contributed to an understanding of changes in salinity regimes, freshwater flow, and habitats of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem over the last several thousand years. Twentieth century changes to salinity and...

Globally, lakes are losing ice cover, but our understanding of the rates and variability of change are biased towards few lakes with long-term records. Recent works have used remote sensing and predictive modeling to supplement the observational record, but these approaches produce large errors when estimating ice phenology for individual lakes. Our associated manuscript explores machine...

This data release contains the supporting datasets, tables, and geospatial information generated and analyzed in the 2025 flood-frequency study for Virginia and West Virginia. In this study, the magnitude and frequency of annual peak streamflows were estimated using the Expected Moments Algorithm for 813 streamgages on rural, unregulated streams in and near Virginia and West Virginia...

A collection of lidar point cloud, raster, and real-time kinematic global navigation satellite system (RTK GNSS) survey data of Central and South Ackerson Meadow to aid in monitoring wetland meadow restoration. Uncrewed aircraft system (UAS) lidar collections were flown in June 2023 (before restoration), November 2023, and November 2024 (after restoration), with one forthcoming...