Invasive species are costly, disrupt natural ecosystems, and consequently threaten native species. Phragmites, a tall wetland grass, has been a part of U.S. wetlands for many years. However, a strain from Europe, introduced in the early 19th century, aggressively displaces the native strain and has spread across the U.S. and Canada. These aggressive invasive plants form highly dense stands that quickly outcompete native plants, degrade large areas of highly productive wetlands, drastically reduce habitat diversity and function, impair human use of beaches and recreational areas, and negatively impacts dependent wildlife and a multi-billion-dollar regional fishery.
Phragmites Research
Effects of Great Lakes water levels on coastal populations of Phragmites australis GeoNarrative
Potential Impact of Hydrology and Sedimentation Changes to Biodiversity, Dongting Lake, China
Explore our science using the data below.
Effects of fungal endophytes on invasive Phragmites australis (ssp. australis) performance in growth chamber and field experiments at the Indiana University Research and Teaching Preserve (N 39.217, W −86.540) (2018)
Reference genome for Phragmites australis (Poaceae, subfamily Arundinoideae) and comparison of North American invasive genotype (ssp. australis) and native (ssp. americanus)
Land cover classifications and associated data from treatment areas enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework, 2018
Soil microbes surrounding native and non-native Phragmites australis in the Great Lakes and East Coast of the United States (2015-2017 survey)
Shoreline delineations for 21 Subestuaries in the Chesapeake Bay 2010-2014.
INHABIT species potential distribution across the contiguous United States
Phragmites australis live fractional cover yearly map from 2009 to 2019 of the lower Mississippi River Delta using Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite data
The effects of North American fungi and bacteria on Phragmites australis leaves 2017-2019, with comparisons to the global Phragmites microbiome
Effects of local shoreline and subestuary watershed condition on waterbird use: influences of geography, scale, and season in the Chesapeake Bay
Phragmites australis maps and change, Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana (2011, 2013, 2016)
Analysis of the effect of Hurricane Sandy on New Jersey Atlantic coastal marshes based on landsat thematic mapper and operational land imager data: 2000-2015
Recent publications (2020-2022) related to USGS phragmites research are listed below. A complete listing of USGS phragmites publications is available from the button below.
Fungal endophyte effects on invasive Phragmites australis performance in field and growth chamber environments
Novel genome characteristics contribute to the invasiveness of Phragmites australis (common reed)
Hydrologic and geomorphic effects on riparian plant species occurrence and encroachment: Remote sensing of 360 km of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon
Synthetic aperture radar and optical mapping used to monitor change and replacement of Phragmites australis marsh in the Lower Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana
Using uncrewed aerial vehicles for identifying the extent of invasive Phragmites australis in treatment areas enrolled in an adaptive management program
Differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between native and non‐native Phragmites australis may depend on stand density
Aquatic invasive species in the Chesapeake Bay drainage—Research-based needs and priorities of U.S. Geological Survey partners and collaborators
Optimization of tidal marsh management at the Cape May and Supawna Meadows National Wildlife Refuges, New Jersey, through use of structured decision making
Growth and behavior of North American microbes on Phragmites australis leaves
Intraspecific and biogeographical variation in foliar fungal communities and pathogen damage of native and invasive Phragmites australis
Mapping Phragmites australis live fractional cover in the lower Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana
Detection probabilities of bird carcasses along sandy beaches and marsh edges in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Explore our science with the software below.
Data analysis and figures for Differences in Rhizosphere Microbial Communities Between Native and Non-Native Phragmites australis May Depend on Stand Density
Annual Management Unit Summary Code
- Overview
Invasive species are costly, disrupt natural ecosystems, and consequently threaten native species. Phragmites, a tall wetland grass, has been a part of U.S. wetlands for many years. However, a strain from Europe, introduced in the early 19th century, aggressively displaces the native strain and has spread across the U.S. and Canada. These aggressive invasive plants form highly dense stands that quickly outcompete native plants, degrade large areas of highly productive wetlands, drastically reduce habitat diversity and function, impair human use of beaches and recreational areas, and negatively impacts dependent wildlife and a multi-billion-dollar regional fishery.
Phragmites ResearchEffects of Great Lakes water levels on coastal populations of Phragmites australis GeoNarrative
The "Phragmites Management and Variable Great Lakes Water Levels" GeoNarrative presents research by the US Geological Survey and US Fish and Wildlife Service on how Great Lakes water levels affect expansion and management of coastal Phragmites populations.Potential Impact of Hydrology and Sedimentation Changes to Biodiversity, Dongting Lake, China
Dongting Lake, one of the wetlands that make up the floodplains of China's Yangtze River, is important habitat for migratory waterfowl and other wildlife. However, the re-engineering of the water way and the intensification of agricultural practices has contributed to changes in hydrology and sedimentation. USGS and partners from China are assessing the potential impact of these changes to the... - Data
Explore our science using the data below.
Effects of fungal endophytes on invasive Phragmites australis (ssp. australis) performance in growth chamber and field experiments at the Indiana University Research and Teaching Preserve (N 39.217, W −86.540) (2018)
These data tables contain data collections from field experiments of Phragmites australis (ssp. australis) treated with known fungal endophytes. Tiller counts, tiller diameter, and tiller height measurements were taken every two weeks over an eight-week study period. Clones of Phragmites plants were collected from three different locations: Sandusky, Michigan; Bloomington, Indiana; and the OttawaReference genome for Phragmites australis (Poaceae, subfamily Arundinoideae) and comparison of North American invasive genotype (ssp. australis) and native (ssp. americanus)
These data represent the first reference genome for the invasive Phragmites australis ssp. australis (1.14 giga base pairs (Gbp)), as well as output from comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses for invasive and native genotypes coexisting in the Great Lakes region of North America. Genome sequencing data used tillers and associated rhizome tissues collected from a single P. australis patchLand cover classifications and associated data from treatment areas enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework, 2018
During 2018, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs or 'drones') were used to collect spatially referenced aerial imagery from 20 management units (sites) enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework, a collective learning program developed by the Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative. Management units were located in Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin (USA). Invasive Phragmites australis (hereafterSoil microbes surrounding native and non-native Phragmites australis in the Great Lakes and East Coast of the United States (2015-2017 survey)
To determine the differences in soil microbial community composition between native and non-native lineages of Phragmites, we sampled soils from eight sites in the Great Lakes basin where populations of native and non-native Phragmites co-occurred. In addition, we included samples of soils from 27 populations of Phragmites across the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coasts of the US. Samples were colleShoreline delineations for 21 Subestuaries in the Chesapeake Bay 2010-2014.
In many coastal regions throughout the world, there is increasing pressure to harden shorelines to protect human infrastructures against sea level rise, storm surge, and erosion. These data reflect the digitization of the shorelines of 21 sub-estuaries throughout the Chesapeake Bay (USA) as observed from 2010 through 2014. Shoreline segments are classified into one of seven shoreline types: bulkheINHABIT species potential distribution across the contiguous United States
We developed habitat suitability models for invasive plant species selected by Department of Interior land management agencies. We applied the modeling workflow developed in Young et al. 2020 to species not included in the original case studies. Our methodology balanced trade-offs between developing highly customized models for a few species versus fitting non-specific and generic models for numerPhragmites australis live fractional cover yearly map from 2009 to 2019 of the lower Mississippi River Delta using Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite data
Phragmites australis live fractional cover (LFC) maps were created of the lower Mississippi River Delta (MRD) using satellite image data. The historical 2009 to 2016 P. australis marsh LFC maps were based on yearly Landsat image data. The 2016 to 2019 P. australis marsh LFC maps were based on yearly Sentinel-2 image data.The effects of North American fungi and bacteria on Phragmites australis leaves 2017-2019, with comparisons to the global Phragmites microbiome
The data document the results of several microbe bioassays performed by the USGS on Phragmites australis plants, including those performed on mature leaves, seedlings, and dead leaf tissues exploration of the literature to find accounts of microbes associated with Phragmites worldwide. For the bioassays, we prepared 162 pure cultures isolated from Phragmites plants in North America along the eastEffects of local shoreline and subestuary watershed condition on waterbird use: influences of geography, scale, and season in the Chesapeake Bay
In many coastal regions throughout the world, there is increasing pressure to harden shorelines to protect human infrastructures against sea-level rise, storm surge and erosion. This study examines waterbird community integrity in relation to shoreline hardening and land use characteristics at three geographic scales: (1) the subestuary scale characterized by seven shoreline types: bulkhead, riprPhragmites australis maps and change, Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana (2011, 2013, 2016)
This U.S. Geological Survey Data Release includes maps of Phragmites australis coverage within the Delta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), located on the eastern half of the Mississippi River Delta in south Louisiana, for 2011, 2013 and 2016. While the objective of this mapping effort was to map the presence of P. australis, the map also includes coverage of water and non-P.australis land areas (e.gAnalysis of the effect of Hurricane Sandy on New Jersey Atlantic coastal marshes based on landsat thematic mapper and operational land imager data: 2000-2015
This USGS Data Release represents geospatial data sets that were created for the analysis of the effect of Hurricane Sandy on New Jersey Atlantic Coastal Marshes. The following listed image products were generated: 1) Fifteen marsh surface condition index (MSCI) data sets were calculated from yearly summer collections of ETM+ image data from 2000 to 2015. Three classes described the results of - Publications
Recent publications (2020-2022) related to USGS phragmites research are listed below. A complete listing of USGS phragmites publications is available from the button below.
Fungal endophyte effects on invasive Phragmites australis performance in field and growth chamber environments
Manipulating plant microbiomes may provide control of invasive species. Invasive Phragmites australis has spread rapidly in North American wetlands, causing significant declines in native biodiversity. To test microbiome effects on host growth, we inoculated four common fungal endophytes into replicated Phragmites genotypes and monitored their growth in field and growth chamber environments. InocuAuthorsQuynh N Quach, Thomas T Thrasher, Kurt P. Kowalski, Keith ClayNovel genome characteristics contribute to the invasiveness of Phragmites australis (common reed)
The rapid invasion of the non-native Phragmites australis (Poaceae, subfamily Arundinoideae) is a major threat to native wetland ecosystems in North America and elsewhere. We describe the first reference genome for P. australis and compare invasive (ssp. australis) and native (ssp. americanus) genotypes collected from replicated populations across the Laurentian Great Lakes to deduce genomic basesAuthorsDong-Ha Oh, Kurt P. Kowalski, Quynh Quach, Chathura Wijesinghege, Philippa Tanford, Maheshi Dassanayake, Keith ClayHydrologic and geomorphic effects on riparian plant species occurrence and encroachment: Remote sensing of 360 km of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon
A common impact on riparian ecosystem function following river regulation is the expansion and encroachment of riparian plant species in the active river channels and floodplain, which reduces flow of water and suspended sediment between the river, riparian area, and upland ecosystems. We characterized riparian plant species occurrence and quantified encroachment within the dam-regulated ColoradoAuthorsLaura E. Durning, Joel B. Sankey, Charles Yackulic, Paul Grams, Bradley J. Butterfield, Temuulen T. SankeySynthetic aperture radar and optical mapping used to monitor change and replacement of Phragmites australis marsh in the Lower Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mapping of density as an enhancement of Phragmites australis optical live fractional cover (LFC) mapping was carried out in the lower Mississippi Delta during 2016 to 2019. Also, as part of the study, the replacement of P. australis with elephant-ear was analyzed. To that end, yearly maps from 2016 to 2019 of L-band SAR horizontal send, vertical receive (HV) data repAuthorsElijah W. Ramsey III, Amina RangoonwalaUsing uncrewed aerial vehicles for identifying the extent of invasive Phragmites australis in treatment areas enrolled in an adaptive management program
Higher spatial and temporal resolutions of remote sensing data are likely to be useful for ecological monitoring efforts. There are many different treatment approaches for the introduced European genotype of Phragmites australis, and adaptive management principles are being integrated in at least some long-term monitoring efforts. In this paper, we investigated how natural color and a smaller setAuthorsColin N. Brooks, Charlotte B. Weinstein, Andrew F. Poley, Amanda G. Grimm, Nicholas P. Marion, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Dana Hansen, Kurt P. KowalskiDifferences in rhizosphere microbial communities between native and non‐native Phragmites australis may depend on stand density
Microorganisms surrounding plant roots may benefit invasive species through enhanced mutualism or decreased antagonism, when compared to surrounding native species. We surveyed the rhizosphere soil microbiome of a prominent invasive plant, Phragmites australis, and its co‐occurring native subspecies for evidence of microbial drivers of invasiveness. If the rhizosphere microbial community is importAuthorsWesley A. Bickford, Donald R. Zak, Kurt P. Kowalski, Deborah E. GoldbergAquatic invasive species in the Chesapeake Bay drainage—Research-based needs and priorities of U.S. Geological Survey partners and collaborators
Executive SummaryThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is revising the Chesapeake Bay-based science plan to align it with recent U.S. Department of Interior and USGS science priorities that include, as stated in the plan, providing “an integrated understanding of the factors affecting fish habitat, fish health, and landscape conditions” in Chesapeake Bay and its watershed. A report of partner agenciesAuthorsChristine L. DensmoreOptimization of tidal marsh management at the Cape May and Supawna Meadows National Wildlife Refuges, New Jersey, through use of structured decision making
Structured decision making is a systematic, transparent process for improving the quality of complex decisions by identifying measurable management objectives and feasible management actions; predicting the potential consequences of management actions relative to the stated objectives; and selecting a course of action that maximizes the total benefit achieved and balances tradeoffs among objectiveAuthorsHilary A. Neckles, James E. Lyons, Jessica L. Nagel, Susan C. Adamowicz, Toni Mikula, Brian Braudis, Heidi HanlonGrowth and behavior of North American microbes on Phragmites australis leaves
Phragmites australis subsp. australis is a cosmopolitan wetland grass that is invasive in many regions of the world, including North America, where it co-occurs with the closely related Phragmites australis subsp. americanus. Because the difference in invasive behavior is unlikely to be related to physiological differences, we hypothesize that interactions with unique members of their microbiomesAuthorsAaron E. Devries, Kurt P. Kowalski, Wesley A. BickfordIntraspecific and biogeographical variation in foliar fungal communities and pathogen damage of native and invasive Phragmites australis
AimRecent research has highlighted that the relationship between species interactions and latitude can differ between native and invasive plant taxa, generating biogeographical heterogeneity in community resistance to plant invasions. In the first study with foliar pathogens, we tested whether co‐occurring native and invasive lineages of common reed (Phragmites australis ) exhibit non‐parallel latAuthorsWarwick J. Allen, Aaron Devries, Nicholas J. Bologna, Wesley A. Bickford, Kurt P. Kowalski, Laura A. Meyerson, James T. CroninMapping Phragmites australis live fractional cover in the lower Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana
In response to a co-occurring non-native scale infestation and Phragmites australis dieback in southeast Louisiana, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) satellite mapping was implemented to track P. australis condition in the lower Mississippi River Delta. While the NDVI mapping successfully documented relative condition changes, identification of cause required a quantitative-biophysicalAuthorsAmina Rangoonwala, Rebecca J. Howard, Elijah W. Ramsey IIIDetection probabilities of bird carcasses along sandy beaches and marsh edges in the northern Gulf of Mexico
We estimated detection probabilities of bird carcasses along sandy beaches and in marsh edge habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico to help inform models of bird mortality associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We also explored factors that may influence detection probability, such as carcass size, amount of scavenging, location on the beach, habitat type, and distance into the marsh. DAuthorsGuthrie S. Zimmerman, Veronica Varela, Julie L. Yee - Software
Explore our science with the software below.
Data analysis and figures for Differences in Rhizosphere Microbial Communities Between Native and Non-Native Phragmites australis May Depend on Stand Density
This repository holds the code to reproduce the data analyses and figures found in "Differences in Rhizosphere Microbial Communities Between Native and Non-Native Phragmites australis May Depend on Stand Density" published in Ecology and Evolution written by Wesley A. Bickford, Donald R. Zak, Kurt P. Kowalski, and Deborah E. Goldberg.Annual Management Unit Summary Code
The Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework (PAMF) is an adaptive management program created to improve the efficacy and efficiency of Phragmites management efforts throughout the Great Lakes region. Managers enroll Phragmites stands, report the management techniques they used, and monitor the invasion status of Phragmites on their site (management unit - MU). Through a systematic approach, PAMF