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Mark Reid

Mark Reid is a research hydrologist for California Volcano Observatory.

Science and Products

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Aerial view of the Mill Creek landslide blocking Highway 50.

U.S. Highway 50, California - Monitoring Discontinued

As of October 2024, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring at this landslide has been discontinued. In previous years since 1997, the landslide was monitored using data acquisition systems and radio telemetry developed by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program to operate in remote, hazardous sites with limited power. At this landslide, infiltration of rainfall or rapid snowmelt increases groundwater...
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center
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U.S. Highway 50, California - Monitoring Discontinued

As of October 2024, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring at this landslide has been discontinued. In previous years since 1997, the landslide was monitored using data acquisition systems and radio telemetry developed by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program to operate in remote, hazardous sites with limited power. At this landslide, infiltration of rainfall or rapid snowmelt increases groundwater...
Learn More

Model input and output data covering Lares Municipio, Utuado Municipio, and Naranjito Municipio, Puerto Rico, for landslide initiation susceptibility assessment after Hurricane Maria

Hurricane Maria induced about 70,000 landslides throughout Puerto Rico, USA (Hughes and others, 2019). Data in this project pertain to two areas situated in Puerto Rico’s rugged Cordillera Central range. Combined, these areas account for more than half of the hurricane-induced landslides. One of these areas encloses two neighboring municipalities, Lares Municipio, and Utuado Municipio, and the sec
By
Geologic Hazards Science Center

GPS monitoring data from spider units on the post-disaster 2014 Oso landslide, Snohomish County, Washington

Data in this release record ground-surface positions obtained during post-disaster emergency response following the 2014 catastrophic Oso (SR 530) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington. Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected using three USGS GPS-seismometer spider units deployed adjacent to (OSO1), upslope of (OSO2), and on (OSO3) the landslide (see image for locations) for about fi
By
Volcano Science Center

Survey monument positions for the Cleveland Corral landslide near U.S. Highway 50, El Dorado County, California (ver. 2.0, December 2024)

Data in this document record the ground-surface positions from 1996 to 2018 of monuments located on different kinematic elements of the Cleveland Corral landslide, or on nearby more stable ground. Data were collected about once a year in campaign mode, at times when the landslide was dormant and not moving (typically late spring or fall). Survey timing was selected to identify wet-season movement
By
Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

Data from ring shear strength testing of glaciolacustrine silty clay from the 2014, Oso, Washington landslide

We performed ring shear strength testing of three specimens from a glaciolacustrine silty clay unit involved in a large landslide that occurred March 22, 2014 near the town of Oso, Washington. Ring shear tests utilized apparatus DPRI-5 at Kyoto University, Japan and test results are presented herein. We refer to the specimens as the clay, clayey silt, and silt. Some tests were performed under cont
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center
Image: 2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA
2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA
2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA
Image: 2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

This landslide occurred at La Conchita, California in 2005. Ten people were killed.

By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Communications and Publishing
Image: 2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

This landslide occurred at La Conchita, California in 2005. Ten people were killed.

By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Communications and Publishing
Image: Oso, Washington Landslide
Oso, Washington Landslide
Oso, Washington Landslide
Image: Oso, Washington Landslide

Oso, Washington Landslide

Oso, Washington Landslide

Oblique aerial photograph of the Oso, Washington landslide, showing the entire extent of the landslide source area and path.

Location: State Route 530, Oso, Washington

By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Communications and Publishing
Image: Oso, Washington Landslide

Oso, Washington Landslide

Oso, Washington Landslide

Oblique aerial photograph of the Oso, Washington landslide, showing the entire extent of the landslide source area and path.

Location: State Route 530, Oso, Washington

By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Communications and Publishing
Filter Total Items: 38

Assessing locations susceptible to shallow landslide initiation during prolonged intense rainfall in the Lares, Utuado, and Naranjito municipalities of Puerto Rico

Hurricane Maria induced about 70 000 landslides throughout Puerto Rico, USA, including thousands each in three municipalities situated in Puerto Rico's rugged Cordillera Central range. By combining a nonlinear soil-depth model, presumed wettest-case pore pressures, and quasi-three-dimensional (3D) slope-stability analysis, we developed a landslide susceptibility map that has very good performance
Authors
Rex L. Baum, Dianne L. Brien, Mark E. Reid, William Schulz, Matthew J. Tello
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

Lateral edifice collapse and volcanic debris avalanches: A post-1980 Mount St. Helens perspective

The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was instrumental in advancing understanding of how volcanoes work. Lateral edifice collapses and the generation of volcanic debris avalanches were not widely recognized prior to that eruption, making assessment of their hazards and risks challenging. The proliferation of studies since 1980 on resulting deposits and evaluation of processes leading to their gene
Authors
Lee Siebert, Mark E. Reid
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Volcano Science Center

Using integrated growth to delineate debris-flow inundation

Debris-flow volume is fundamental to mobility, yet many debris flows change volume as they travel. Growth can occur through diverse processes such as channel-bed entrainment, bank failures, aggregation of landslides, and coalescence of multiple flows. Integrating growth, either over upslope area or stream length, combines the effects of these growth processes and requires specification of only the
Authors
Mark E. Reid, Dianne L. Brien, Collin Cronkite-Ratcliff, Jonathan P. Perkins
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Volcano Science Center

Hazard analysis of landslides triggered by Typhoon Chata’an on July 2, 2002, in Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia

More than 250 landslides were triggered across the eastern volcanic islands of Chuuk State in the Federated States of Micronesia by torrential rainfall from tropical storm Chata’an on July 2, 2002. Landslides triggered during nearly 20 inches of rainfall in less than 24 hours caused 43 fatalities and the destruction or damage of 231 structures, including homes, schools, community centers, and medi
Authors
Edwin L. Harp, Mark E. Reid, John A. Michael
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

When hazard avoidance is not an option: Lessons learned from monitoring the postdisaster Oso landslide, USA

On 22 March 2014, a massive, catastrophic landslide occurred near Oso, Washington, USA, sweeping more than 1 km across the adjacent valley flats and killing 43 people. For the following 5 weeks, hundreds of workers engaged in an exhaustive search, rescue, and recovery effort directly in the landslide runout path. These workers could not avoid the risks posed by additional large-scale slope collaps
Authors
Mark E. Reid, Jonathan W. Godt, Richard G LaHusen, Stephen L Slaughter, Thomas C. Badger, Brian D. Collins, William Schulz, Rex L. Baum, Jeffrey A. Coe, Edwin L Harp, Kevin M. Schmidt, Richard M. Iverson, Joel B. Smith, Ralph A. Haugerud, David L. George
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Landslide Hazards Program, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Volcano Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Volcano Science Center

Progress and lessons learned from responses to landslide disasters

Landslides have the incredible power to transform landscapes and also, tragically, to cause disastrous societal impacts. Whereas the mechanics and effects of many landslide disasters have been analyzed in detail, the means by which landslide experts respond to these events has garnered much less attention. Herein, we evaluate nine landslide response case histories conducted by the U.S. Geological
Authors
Brian D. Collins, Mark E. Reid, Jeffrey A. Coe, Jason W. Kean, Rex L. Baum, Randall W. Jibson, Jonathan W. Godt, Stephen Slaughter, Greg M. Stock
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center

Debris-flow growth in Puerto Rico during Hurricane Maria: Preliminary results from analyses of pre- and post-event lidar data

On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria triggered widespread debris flows in Puerto Rico. We used field observations and pre- and post-Maria lidar to study the volumetric growth of long-travelled (>400 m) debris flows in four basins. We found overall growth rates that ranged from 0.7 to 30.4 m3 per meter of channel length. We partitioned the rates into two growth mechanisms, aggregation of multiple
Authors
Jeffrey A. Coe, Erin K. Bessette-Kirton, Dianne L. Brien, Mark E. Reid
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center, Hurricane Maria, Hurricanes

Debris-flow initiation promoted by extension within a slow-moving landslide

The dynamics of slow landslide motion can predispose oversteepened and extended slide regions to debris-flow initiation. For more than 20 years, our real-time monitoring, combined with repeat high-precision GPS surveys, of the Cleveland Corral landslide complex, California, USA, reveals that debris flows initiate from slow-moving kinematic elements of this complex. Different slide elements move in
Authors
Mark E. Reid, Dianne L. Brien
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Volcano Science Center

Enhanced landslide mobility by basal liquefaction: the 2014 SR530 (Oso), Washington landslide

Landslide mobility can vastly amplify the consequences of slope failure. As a compelling example, the March 22, 2014 landslide near Oso, Washington (USA) was particularly devastating, traveling across a 1-km+ wide river valley, killing 43 people, destroying dozens of homes, and temporarily closing a well-traveled highway. To resolve causes for the landslide’s behavior and mobility, we conducted d
Authors
Brian D. Collins, Mark E. Reid
By
Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center

When volcanoes fall down—Catastrophic collapse and debris avalanches

Despite their seeming permanence, volcanoes are prone to catastrophic collapse that can affect vast areas in a matter of minutes. Large collapses begin as gigantic landslides that quickly transform to debris avalanches—chaotically tumbling masses of rock debris that can sweep downslope at extremely high velocities, inundating areas far beyond the volcano. Rapid burial by the debris avalanches them
Authors
Lee Siebert, Mark E. Reid, James W. Vallance, Thomas C. Pierson
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Volcano Science Center

Characterizing the catastrophic 2017 Mud Creek Landslide, California, using repeat Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry

Along the rugged coast of Big Sur, California, the Mud Creek landslide failed catastrophically on May 20, 2017 and destroyed over 400 m of scenic California State Highway 1. We collected structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry data using airborne platforms that, when combined with existing airborne lidar data, revealed that the area exhibited significant topographic change and displacement befo

Authors
Jonathan Warrick, Andrew C. Ritchie, Mark E. Reid, Kevin M. Schmidt, Joshua B. Logan
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Landslide Hazards Program, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Big Sur Landslides

Combining multiphase groundwater flow and slope stability models to assess stratovolcano flank collapse in the Cascade Range

Hydrothermal alteration can create low‐permeability zones, potentially resulting in elevated pore‐fluid pressures, within a volcanic edifice. Strength reduction by rock alteration and high pore‐fluid pressures have been suggested as a mechanism for edifice flank instability. Here we combine numerical models of multiphase heat transport and groundwater flow with a slope‐stability code that incorpor
Authors
Jessica L. Ball, Joshua M. Taron, Mark E. Reid, Shaul Hurwitz, Carol A. Finn, Paul A. Bedrosian
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Volcano Science Center, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center

Science and Products

link
Aerial view of the Mill Creek landslide blocking Highway 50.

U.S. Highway 50, California - Monitoring Discontinued

As of October 2024, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring at this landslide has been discontinued. In previous years since 1997, the landslide was monitored using data acquisition systems and radio telemetry developed by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program to operate in remote, hazardous sites with limited power. At this landslide, infiltration of rainfall or rapid snowmelt increases groundwater...
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center
link

U.S. Highway 50, California - Monitoring Discontinued

As of October 2024, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring at this landslide has been discontinued. In previous years since 1997, the landslide was monitored using data acquisition systems and radio telemetry developed by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program to operate in remote, hazardous sites with limited power. At this landslide, infiltration of rainfall or rapid snowmelt increases groundwater...
Learn More

Model input and output data covering Lares Municipio, Utuado Municipio, and Naranjito Municipio, Puerto Rico, for landslide initiation susceptibility assessment after Hurricane Maria

Hurricane Maria induced about 70,000 landslides throughout Puerto Rico, USA (Hughes and others, 2019). Data in this project pertain to two areas situated in Puerto Rico’s rugged Cordillera Central range. Combined, these areas account for more than half of the hurricane-induced landslides. One of these areas encloses two neighboring municipalities, Lares Municipio, and Utuado Municipio, and the sec
By
Geologic Hazards Science Center

GPS monitoring data from spider units on the post-disaster 2014 Oso landslide, Snohomish County, Washington

Data in this release record ground-surface positions obtained during post-disaster emergency response following the 2014 catastrophic Oso (SR 530) landslide, Snohomish County, Washington. Global Positioning System (GPS) data were collected using three USGS GPS-seismometer spider units deployed adjacent to (OSO1), upslope of (OSO2), and on (OSO3) the landslide (see image for locations) for about fi
By
Volcano Science Center

Survey monument positions for the Cleveland Corral landslide near U.S. Highway 50, El Dorado County, California (ver. 2.0, December 2024)

Data in this document record the ground-surface positions from 1996 to 2018 of monuments located on different kinematic elements of the Cleveland Corral landslide, or on nearby more stable ground. Data were collected about once a year in campaign mode, at times when the landslide was dormant and not moving (typically late spring or fall). Survey timing was selected to identify wet-season movement
By
Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

Data from ring shear strength testing of glaciolacustrine silty clay from the 2014, Oso, Washington landslide

We performed ring shear strength testing of three specimens from a glaciolacustrine silty clay unit involved in a large landslide that occurred March 22, 2014 near the town of Oso, Washington. Ring shear tests utilized apparatus DPRI-5 at Kyoto University, Japan and test results are presented herein. We refer to the specimens as the clay, clayey silt, and silt. Some tests were performed under cont
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center
Image: 2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA
2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA
2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA
Image: 2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

This landslide occurred at La Conchita, California in 2005. Ten people were killed.

By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Communications and Publishing
Image: 2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

2005 Landslide in Conchita, CA

This landslide occurred at La Conchita, California in 2005. Ten people were killed.

By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Communications and Publishing
Image: Oso, Washington Landslide
Oso, Washington Landslide
Oso, Washington Landslide
Image: Oso, Washington Landslide

Oso, Washington Landslide

Oso, Washington Landslide

Oblique aerial photograph of the Oso, Washington landslide, showing the entire extent of the landslide source area and path.

Location: State Route 530, Oso, Washington

By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Communications and Publishing
Image: Oso, Washington Landslide

Oso, Washington Landslide

Oso, Washington Landslide

Oblique aerial photograph of the Oso, Washington landslide, showing the entire extent of the landslide source area and path.

Location: State Route 530, Oso, Washington

By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Communications and Publishing
Filter Total Items: 38

Assessing locations susceptible to shallow landslide initiation during prolonged intense rainfall in the Lares, Utuado, and Naranjito municipalities of Puerto Rico

Hurricane Maria induced about 70 000 landslides throughout Puerto Rico, USA, including thousands each in three municipalities situated in Puerto Rico's rugged Cordillera Central range. By combining a nonlinear soil-depth model, presumed wettest-case pore pressures, and quasi-three-dimensional (3D) slope-stability analysis, we developed a landslide susceptibility map that has very good performance
Authors
Rex L. Baum, Dianne L. Brien, Mark E. Reid, William Schulz, Matthew J. Tello
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

Lateral edifice collapse and volcanic debris avalanches: A post-1980 Mount St. Helens perspective

The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was instrumental in advancing understanding of how volcanoes work. Lateral edifice collapses and the generation of volcanic debris avalanches were not widely recognized prior to that eruption, making assessment of their hazards and risks challenging. The proliferation of studies since 1980 on resulting deposits and evaluation of processes leading to their gene
Authors
Lee Siebert, Mark E. Reid
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Volcano Science Center

Using integrated growth to delineate debris-flow inundation

Debris-flow volume is fundamental to mobility, yet many debris flows change volume as they travel. Growth can occur through diverse processes such as channel-bed entrainment, bank failures, aggregation of landslides, and coalescence of multiple flows. Integrating growth, either over upslope area or stream length, combines the effects of these growth processes and requires specification of only the
Authors
Mark E. Reid, Dianne L. Brien, Collin Cronkite-Ratcliff, Jonathan P. Perkins
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Volcano Science Center

Hazard analysis of landslides triggered by Typhoon Chata’an on July 2, 2002, in Chuuk State, Federated States of Micronesia

More than 250 landslides were triggered across the eastern volcanic islands of Chuuk State in the Federated States of Micronesia by torrential rainfall from tropical storm Chata’an on July 2, 2002. Landslides triggered during nearly 20 inches of rainfall in less than 24 hours caused 43 fatalities and the destruction or damage of 231 structures, including homes, schools, community centers, and medi
Authors
Edwin L. Harp, Mark E. Reid, John A. Michael
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Landslide Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center

When hazard avoidance is not an option: Lessons learned from monitoring the postdisaster Oso landslide, USA

On 22 March 2014, a massive, catastrophic landslide occurred near Oso, Washington, USA, sweeping more than 1 km across the adjacent valley flats and killing 43 people. For the following 5 weeks, hundreds of workers engaged in an exhaustive search, rescue, and recovery effort directly in the landslide runout path. These workers could not avoid the risks posed by additional large-scale slope collaps
Authors
Mark E. Reid, Jonathan W. Godt, Richard G LaHusen, Stephen L Slaughter, Thomas C. Badger, Brian D. Collins, William Schulz, Rex L. Baum, Jeffrey A. Coe, Edwin L Harp, Kevin M. Schmidt, Richard M. Iverson, Joel B. Smith, Ralph A. Haugerud, David L. George
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Landslide Hazards Program, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Volcano Hazards Program, Geologic Hazards Science Center, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Volcano Science Center

Progress and lessons learned from responses to landslide disasters

Landslides have the incredible power to transform landscapes and also, tragically, to cause disastrous societal impacts. Whereas the mechanics and effects of many landslide disasters have been analyzed in detail, the means by which landslide experts respond to these events has garnered much less attention. Herein, we evaluate nine landslide response case histories conducted by the U.S. Geological
Authors
Brian D. Collins, Mark E. Reid, Jeffrey A. Coe, Jason W. Kean, Rex L. Baum, Randall W. Jibson, Jonathan W. Godt, Stephen Slaughter, Greg M. Stock
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center

Debris-flow growth in Puerto Rico during Hurricane Maria: Preliminary results from analyses of pre- and post-event lidar data

On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria triggered widespread debris flows in Puerto Rico. We used field observations and pre- and post-Maria lidar to study the volumetric growth of long-travelled (>400 m) debris flows in four basins. We found overall growth rates that ranged from 0.7 to 30.4 m3 per meter of channel length. We partitioned the rates into two growth mechanisms, aggregation of multiple
Authors
Jeffrey A. Coe, Erin K. Bessette-Kirton, Dianne L. Brien, Mark E. Reid
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Geologic Hazards Science Center, Hurricane Maria, Hurricanes

Debris-flow initiation promoted by extension within a slow-moving landslide

The dynamics of slow landslide motion can predispose oversteepened and extended slide regions to debris-flow initiation. For more than 20 years, our real-time monitoring, combined with repeat high-precision GPS surveys, of the Cleveland Corral landslide complex, California, USA, reveals that debris flows initiate from slow-moving kinematic elements of this complex. Different slide elements move in
Authors
Mark E. Reid, Dianne L. Brien
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Volcano Science Center

Enhanced landslide mobility by basal liquefaction: the 2014 SR530 (Oso), Washington landslide

Landslide mobility can vastly amplify the consequences of slope failure. As a compelling example, the March 22, 2014 landslide near Oso, Washington (USA) was particularly devastating, traveling across a 1-km+ wide river valley, killing 43 people, destroying dozens of homes, and temporarily closing a well-traveled highway. To resolve causes for the landslide’s behavior and mobility, we conducted d
Authors
Brian D. Collins, Mark E. Reid
By
Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center

When volcanoes fall down—Catastrophic collapse and debris avalanches

Despite their seeming permanence, volcanoes are prone to catastrophic collapse that can affect vast areas in a matter of minutes. Large collapses begin as gigantic landslides that quickly transform to debris avalanches—chaotically tumbling masses of rock debris that can sweep downslope at extremely high velocities, inundating areas far beyond the volcano. Rapid burial by the debris avalanches them
Authors
Lee Siebert, Mark E. Reid, James W. Vallance, Thomas C. Pierson
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Volcano Science Center

Characterizing the catastrophic 2017 Mud Creek Landslide, California, using repeat Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry

Along the rugged coast of Big Sur, California, the Mud Creek landslide failed catastrophically on May 20, 2017 and destroyed over 400 m of scenic California State Highway 1. We collected structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry data using airborne platforms that, when combined with existing airborne lidar data, revealed that the area exhibited significant topographic change and displacement befo

Authors
Jonathan Warrick, Andrew C. Ritchie, Mark E. Reid, Kevin M. Schmidt, Joshua B. Logan
By
Natural Hazards Mission Area, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Landslide Hazards Program, National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Big Sur Landslides

Combining multiphase groundwater flow and slope stability models to assess stratovolcano flank collapse in the Cascade Range

Hydrothermal alteration can create low‐permeability zones, potentially resulting in elevated pore‐fluid pressures, within a volcanic edifice. Strength reduction by rock alteration and high pore‐fluid pressures have been suggested as a mechanism for edifice flank instability. Here we combine numerical models of multiphase heat transport and groundwater flow with a slope‐stability code that incorpor
Authors
Jessica L. Ball, Joshua M. Taron, Mark E. Reid, Shaul Hurwitz, Carol A. Finn, Paul A. Bedrosian
By
Volcano Hazards Program, Volcano Science Center, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center
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