Images

The Saugus River, as it flows downstream of the Saugus Iron Works. In the 1600s, it was much wider and deeper, allowing ships to load processed iron directly onboard for transport.

The Saugus Iron Works forge, which used a large hammer to compress the iron. Forging strenghened the iron, which, right out of the blast furnace, was brittle.

A specimen of limonite, used in the iron smelting process. Limonite is a well-known iron ore that has been mined for iron for many thousands of years. At the Saugus Iron Works, the limonite was found in nearby bogs.

The Saugus River, as it flows upstream of the Saugus Iron Works. In the 1600s, it was much wider and deeper, allowing ships to load processed iron directly onboard for transport.

The Saugus River, as it flows downstream of the Saugus Iron Works. In the 1600s, it was much wider and deeper, allowing ships to load processed iron directly onboard for transport.

The water wheel for the Saugus Iron Works forge. The forge used a large hammer to compress the iron. Forging strenghened the iron, which, right out of the blast furnace, was brittle.

A view of the Saugus Iron Works, a 1600s iron foundry and mill. This was the first integrated ironworks in the United States, capable of smelting iron from ore and milling it into useful tools.

Figure 5. MKDEs may help better identify threats to species. 

Jeff Tracey of USGS (left) and James Sheppard of San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research visit the San Diego Supercomputer Center, which provides advanced user support and expertise for the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) program supported by the National Science Foundation. (Image credit: Bob Sinkovits/SDSC)

3D elevation data for El Paso, Texas, in the form of a lidar point cloud. These data along with other products provide valuable productivity, safety, and cost-saving benefits to instrastructure improvement projects. I(mage provided by Jason Stoker - USGS).

Figure 7. Examples of a 3D movement-based kernel density estimator (MKDE) for a dugong in a marine environment.

Pallid sturgeon free embryos preserved at 3 days post hatch.  Free embryos at this stage have only a rudimentary mouth, their pectoral fins are only beginning to develop, and they rely on a large yolk sac for food. 

A native bee pollinates a prickly pear cactus in Colorado. Credit: Mark Vandever, USGS.

A USGS Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project telemetry crew tracks radio telemetered pallid sturgeon in Montana.

CSRP Scientists scan the Yellowstone River where pallid sturgeon were grouped in a spawning aggregation. 

Researchers prepare to release a captured female pallid sturgeon after a post-spawn analysis.

University of Minnesota-Duluth researcher Kelsie Murchy records silver carp responses to sound at the USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center.

Human modifications to beaches, such as sand fencing, sea walls and rock jetties, can alter natural beach processes like overwash. This can affect how much habitat for species like piping plovers is created by storms.

USGS hydrologists prepare to deploy a BM-54 bed-material sampler on the Yellowstone River.

A sidescan sonar image sample shows highlighted areas of suspected gravel substrate.

Mike Poland (USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory) shows Marcellin Kasereka  (Goma Volcanological Survey, Democratic Republic of Congo, red jacket) how to adjust the leg of a tripod, while Patricia Ponce (Colombia Geological Survey, white hat) keeps the GPS antenna rod steady.

Chain of Craters Road, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii