Images

A pile of limonite rocks used in the iron smelting process. Limonite is a well-known iron ore that has been mined for iron for many thousands of years. At the Saugus Iron Works, the limonite was found in nearby bogs.

A view of the Saugus Iron Works, a 1600s iron foundry and mill. This was the first integrated ironworks in the United States, capable of smelting iron from ore and milling it into useful tools.

The water wheel for the Saugus Iron Works forge. The forge used a large hammer to compress the iron. Forging strenghened the iron, which, right out of the blast furnace, was brittle.

A view of the forge at Saugus Iron Works, as well as the rolling and slitting mill. The forge used a large hammer to compress the iron. Forging strenghened the iron, which, right out of the blast furnace, was brittle. The rolling and slitting mill would make bars of iron that could be cut into things like nails. Water from the Saugus River powered both.

The water sluice that powered the blast furnace of the Saugus Iron Works. The water came from the nearby Saugus River.

The Saugus River, as it flows downstream of the Saugus Iron Works. In the 1600s, it was much wider and deeper, allowing ships to load processed iron directly onboard for transport.

A view of the Saugus Iron Works blast furnace, which smelted the iron from limonite, an iron ore. The limonite formed in nearby bogs, and was heated in the blast furnace until the iron melted and ran out the bottom of the furnace.

A specimen of gabbro, an igneous mineral that was used as a purifying agent in the iron smelting process at the Saugus Iron Works. 

The Saugus Iron Works forge, which used a large hammer to compress the iron. Forging strenghened the iron, which, right out of the blast furnace, was brittle.

The Saugus River, as it flows downstream of the Saugus Iron Works. In the 1600s, it was much wider and deeper, allowing ships to load processed iron directly onboard for transport.

The water sluice that powered the blast furnace of the Saugus Iron Works. The water came from the nearby Saugus River.

A view of the Saugus Iron Works blast furnace, which smelted the iron from limonite, an iron ore. The limonite formed in nearby bogs, and was heated in the blast furnace until the iron melted and ran out the bottom of the furnace. 

Figure 7. Examples of a 3D movement-based kernel density estimator (MKDE) for a dugong in a marine environment.

Figure 5. MKDEs may help better identify threats to species. 

Jeff Tracey of USGS (left) and James Sheppard of San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research visit the San Diego Supercomputer Center, which provides advanced user support and expertise for the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) program supported by the National Science Foundation. (Image credit: Bob Sinkovits/SDSC)

3D elevation data for El Paso, Texas, in the form of a lidar point cloud. These data along with other products provide valuable productivity, safety, and cost-saving benefits to instrastructure improvement projects. I(mage provided by Jason Stoker - USGS).

Pallid sturgeon free embryos preserved at 3 days post hatch.  Free embryos at this stage have only a rudimentary mouth, their pectoral fins are only beginning to develop, and they rely on a large yolk sac for food. 

A USGS Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project telemetry crew tracks radio telemetered pallid sturgeon in Montana.

A native bee pollinates a prickly pear cactus in Colorado. Credit: Mark Vandever, USGS.

CSRP Scientists scan the Yellowstone River where pallid sturgeon were grouped in a spawning aggregation. 

Researchers prepare to release a captured female pallid sturgeon after a post-spawn analysis.