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Factors influencing the height of Hawaiian lava fountains: implications for the use of fountain height as an indicator of magma gas content Factors influencing the height of Hawaiian lava fountains: implications for the use of fountain height as an indicator of magma gas content

The heights of lava fountains formed in Hawaiian-style eruptions are controlled by magma gas content, volume flux and the amounts of lava re-entrainment and gas bubble coalescence. Theoretical models of lava fountaining are used to analyse data on lava fountain height variations collected during the 1983–1986 Pu'u 'O'o vent of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. The results show that the variable...
Authors
E.A. Parfitt, L. Wilson, C.A. Neal

Decadal and annual changes in biogenic opal and carbonate fluxes to the deep Sargasso Sea Decadal and annual changes in biogenic opal and carbonate fluxes to the deep Sargasso Sea

Analyses of samples from a 14-year series of sediment-trap deployments in the deep Sargasso Sea reveal a significant trend in the ratio of the sinking fluxes of biogenic calcium carbonate and silica. Although there are pronounced seasonal cycles for both flux components, the overall opal/CaCO3 ratio changed by 50% from 1978 to 1991 (largely due to a decrease of opal flux), while total...
Authors
W.G. Deuser, T.D. Jickells, Judith A. Commeau

Experimental studies of deposition at a debris-flow flume Experimental studies of deposition at a debris-flow flume

Geologists commonly infer the flow conditions and the physical properties of debris flows from the sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and morphologic characteristics of their deposits. However, such inferences commonly lack corroboration by direct observation because the capricious nature of debris flows makes systematic observation and measurement of natural events both difficult and...
Authors
Jon J. Major

Some fluid-inclusion measurements for geothermal drill holes in California, Nevada, El Salvador, and Russia Some fluid-inclusion measurements for geothermal drill holes in California, Nevada, El Salvador, and Russia

The purpose of this report is to make available fluid-inclusion information from drill holes in five geothermal areas: The Geysers and Long Valley caldera in northern California; Steamboat Springs, Nevada; the Ahuachapan field of El Salvador, Central America; and the Mutnovsky geothermal field, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. These data were produced at the request of various individuals to...
Authors
Keith E. Bargar

Exploring storm surge Exploring storm surge

This video provides a thorough discussion of storm surge, one of the most dangerous elements of hurricanes and major storms. This video illustrates basic storm surge principles, shows actual footage of storm surge damage and relates high-water level data collection by the U.S. Geological Survey to the task of recreating the storm surge event.
Authors
A. B. Tihansky, A. D. Duerr

Estimating heat capacity and heat content of rocks Estimating heat capacity and heat content of rocks

New heat-capacity measurements are reported for four rock types; Westerly granite from Bradford, RI, andesite from Lake County, OR, peridotite from Sonoma County, CA, and basalt from the Columbia River Group. Measurements were made on powders of the rocks in the temperature range of 340 to about 1000 K. Our measured heat-capacity values for rocks and other measurements of heat capacity...
Authors
Eugene C. Robertson, Bruch S. Hemingway

Rift flank segmentation, basin initiation and propagation: a neotectonic example from Lake Baikal Rift flank segmentation, basin initiation and propagation: a neotectonic example from Lake Baikal

New surficial data (field, Landsat TM and topography) define morpho-tectonic domains and rift flank segmentation in the Ol'khon region of the Central Baikal rift. Deformation, drainage and depositional patterns indicate a change in the locus of active extension that may relate to a recent (
Authors
Susan M. Agar, Kim D. Klitgord
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