I answer applied research questions at the intersection of wildlife biology, landscape ecology, and statistics.
Research Interests
My work falls under three broad themes: (1) understand the influence of humans and associated land use impacts on wildlife distributions, densities, and related processes at local and landscape scales, (2) develop new analytical tools that address the influence of landscape features on animals at the sub-population and population scales, and (3) improve efficiency of research and monitoring through optimal study design. I have >15 years experience studying grizzly bears, bighorn sheep, elk, and the development of novel and integrated analyses of habitat use, connectivity, migration, and genetics, all very applied work. I have also assisted with projects studying black bears, wolverines, mountain goats, wolves, lynx, kinkajou, loons, hawks, owls, riparian vegetation, pika, and sugar pine.
Current projects
- Chronic wasting disease- evaluating changes in density and contacts across multiple cervid populations
- Assessing current and changing forage for elk and mule deer with climate change
- Assessing connectivity and migration in and around Glacier National Park (GNP)
- Optimal monitoring of wildlife with occupancy models
- Pollinator communities and Western bumble bee assessment on BLM lands in Montana and the Dakotas, in GNP, and across the west
- Mountain goat and bighorn sheep abundance, trend, population structure, and habitat
- Spatial capture recapture approaches
- Water to Wildlife: Connecting changes in water to vegetation to wildlife across 3 northwest parks
- Evaluating potential impacts of climate change on berry plant abundance and production
Professional Experience
Research Ecologist, USGS Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center: 2/10/14-present
David H. Smith Post-doctoral Conservation Research Fellow: 7/12 – 2/14
Education and Certifications
PhD. 2012. Northern Arizona University. Dissertation Title: Spatial ecology of grizzly bears in northwestern Montana and estimating resistance to gene flow
M.S. Wildlife Biology. 2002. University of Montana
Honors B.A. German Literature with distinction. 1995. University of Wisconsin-Madison
Science and Products
Recent and future declines of a historically widespread pollinator linked to climate, land cover, and pesticides
Precision and bias of spatial capture–recapture estimates: A multi-site, multi-year Utah black bear case study
Eyes on the herd: Quantifying ungulate density from satellite, unmanned aerial systems, and GPScollar data
Average kinship within bighorn sheep populations is associated with connectivity, augmentation, and bottlenecks
Genetic attributes and research interests
U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2018 annual report
The smell of success: Reproductive success related to rub behavior in brown bears
Human activities and weather drive contact rates of wintering elk
Systematics, evolution, and genetics of bears
Evaluating wildlife translocations using genomics: A bighorn sheep case study
Ungulate migrations of the western United States, Volume 1
Non-USGS Publications**
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
From Water to Wildlife: Linking Water Timing and Availability to Meadows and Wildlife in a Changing Climate
Developing Tools to Evaluate Chronic Wasting Disease Transmission Risk
USGS Chronic Wasting Disease Research at NOROCK
Western Bumble Bee and Native Pollinator Research
Predicting Future Forage Conditions for Elk and Mule Deer in Montana and Wyoming
NOROCK Large Carnivore Research Program
Science in Glacier National Park
Long Term Research in northwest Montana
Grizzly Bear Family Tree
Grizzly Bear Dispersal
Predicting changes in Bear Foods
Bighorn Sheep in and near Glacier National Park
Occurrence data of the western bumble bee from 1998 to 2020 across the western United States
Wyoming statewide time-stamped oil and gas activity, 1900-2020
Bumblebee Surveys in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nevada, USA
Neonicotinoid nitroguanidine group insecticide application rates estimated across the western conterminous United States, 2008 to 2014
Western bumble bee predicted occupancy (1998, 2020) and future projections (2050s), western conterminous United States
Daily 30-m fractional snow covered area and summary stats for the National Elk Refuge, Wyoming from 2015 to 2020
Historical trend analysis of phenology dates across the Western US from 1982 to 2016
Projected peak instantaneous rate of green-up date and spring scale across Wyoming from 2000 to 2099
Remotely sensed elk locations on the National Elk Refuge, Wyoming, 2017-2019
Western bumble bee predicted occupancy and detection probability rasters for the western continental United States from 1998 to 2018
Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 1
Bighorn sheep Ovine HD array genotypes from National Parks, 2004-2011
WildAgg: an R package to estimate and visualize wildlife aggregation data
Science and Products
- Publications
Filter Total Items: 28
Recent and future declines of a historically widespread pollinator linked to climate, land cover, and pesticides
The acute decline in global biodiversity includes not only the loss of rare species, but also the rapid collapse of common species across many different taxa. The loss of pollinating insects is of particular concern because of the ecological and economic values these species provide. The western bumble bee (Bombus occidentalis) was once common in western North America, but this species has becomePrecision and bias of spatial capture–recapture estimates: A multi-site, multi-year Utah black bear case study
Spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models are powerful analytical tools that have become the standard for estimating abundance and density of wild animal populations. When sampling populations to implement SCR, the number of unique individuals detected, total recaptures, and unique spatial relocations can be highly variable. These sample sizes influence the precision and accuracy of model parameter eEyes on the herd: Quantifying ungulate density from satellite, unmanned aerial systems, and GPScollar data
Novel approaches to quantifying density and distributions could help biologists adaptively manage wildlife populations, particularly if methods are accurate, consistent, cost-effective, rapid, and sensitive to change. Such approaches may also improve research on interactions between density and processes of interest, such as disease transmission across multiple populations. We assess how satelliteAverage kinship within bighorn sheep populations is associated with connectivity, augmentation, and bottlenecks
Understanding the influence of population attributes on genetic diversity is important to advancement of biological conservation. Because bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations vary in size and management history, the species provides a unique opportunity to observe the response of average pairwise kinship, inversely related to genetic diversity, to a spectrum of natural and management influeGenetic attributes and research interests
No abstract available.U.S. Geological Survey science for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative—2018 annual report
The Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI) was established in 2007 as a collaborative interagency partnership to develop and implement science-based conservation actions. During the past 11 years, partners from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), State and Federal land management agencies, universities, and the public have collaborated to implement a long-term (more than 10 years) science-basByEcosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Core Research Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center , Fort Collins Science Center, Nebraska Water Science Center, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Core Research CenterThe smell of success: Reproductive success related to rub behavior in brown bears
Several species of bears are known to rub deliberately against trees and other objects, but little is known about why bears rub. Patterns in rubbing behavior of male and female brown bears (Ursus arctos) suggest that scent marking via rubbing functions to communicate among potential mates or competitors. Using DNA from bear hairs collected from rub objects in southwestern Alberta from 2011–2014 anHuman activities and weather drive contact rates of wintering elk
Wildlife aggregation patterns can influence disease transmission. However, limited research evaluates the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors on aggregation. Many managers would like to reduce wildlife contact rates, driven by aggregation, to limit disease transmission. We develop a novel analytical framework to quantify how management activities such as supplemental feeding and huntingSystematics, evolution, and genetics of bears
Molecular genetics are key to understanding current and historical relationships between isolated populations, including species’ colonizations during glacial–interglacial cycles, to determine viability of local populations, needs for habitat corridors, and other aspects of population management, especially where bears are harvested for sport, etc. As natural habitats shrink, some bear species wilEvaluating wildlife translocations using genomics: A bighorn sheep case study
Wildlife restoration often involves translocation efforts to reintroduce species and supplement small, fragmented populations. We examined the genomic consequences of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) translocations and population isolation to enhance understanding of evolutionary processes that affect population genetics and inform future restoration strategies. We conducted a population genomic anUngulate migrations of the western United States, Volume 1
Across the western United States, many ungulate herds must migrate seasonally to access resources and avoid harsh winter conditions. Because these migration paths cover vast landscapes (in other words migration distances up to 150 miles [241 kilometers]), they are increasingly threatened by roads, fencing, subdivisions, and other development. Over the last decade, many new tracking studies have beNon-USGS Publications**
Graves, T.A., S. Farley, M. Goldstein, and C.Servheen. 2007. Identification of functional corridors with movement characteristics of brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Landscape Ecology.Graves, T.A., S. Farley, and C.Servheen. 2006. Frequency and distribution of highway crossings by Kenai Peninsula brown bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 34: 800-808.Graves, T.A. and J. Waller. 2006. Identification of causes of missed fixes in GPS collar on animals. Journal of Wildlife Management. 70: 844-851.**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
- Science
Filter Total Items: 14
From Water to Wildlife: Linking Water Timing and Availability to Meadows and Wildlife in a Changing Climate
Mountain meadows in the western United States provide key habitats for many plant and wildlife species, many of which rely exclusively on these areas. Mountain meadows are also treasured by the public and provide beautiful areas to view wildflowers and wildlife on public lands such as national parks. However, mountain ecosystems are expected to be disproportionately affected by climate change. TheDeveloping Tools to Evaluate Chronic Wasting Disease Transmission Risk
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) infects and kills ungulates (deer, elk, moose), and has been spreading across North America for the past 20 years. Some ungulate populations have declined because of CWD and there are no viable vaccines or treatments for this disease. Therefore, tools that assist wildlife managers in preventing and mitigating CWD can be powerful assets in protecting our nation’s big...USGS Chronic Wasting Disease Research at NOROCK
Over the past 20 years, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Wyoming has been spreading slowly outward from the southeastern corner of the state toward the Greater Yellowstone Area and Wyoming's elk feed grounds, where more than 24,000 elk are supplementally fed each winter.Western Bumble Bee and Native Pollinator Research
The western bumble bee was historically one of the most common bumble bees across the western U.S. and Canada. However, our research and others found it has declined substantially across its range and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is considering it for listing under the Endangered Species Act. Bureau of Land Management, National Park Service, and other land managers need information to inform...Predicting Future Forage Conditions for Elk and Mule Deer in Montana and Wyoming
Improving the quality of habitat for western big-game species, such as elk and mule deer, was identified as a priority by the Department of the Interior in 2018. Maintaining healthy herds not only supports the ecosystems where these species are found, but also the hunting and wildlife watching communities. For example, in Wyoming, big game hunting contributed over $300 million to the state’s econo...NOROCK Large Carnivore Research Program
NOROCK has substantial expertise in large carnivore research, primarily involving species listed as Threatened or Endangered. NOROCK’s Large Carnivore Research Program includes scientists from NOROCK’s Headquarters, West Glacier Field Station, and the Southern Appalachian Field Station. Studies are conducted in a wide variety of landscapes throughout the U.S., as well as international research...Science in Glacier National Park
Glacier National Park (GNP) is considered a stronghold for a large diversity of plant and animal species and harbors some of the last remaining populations of threatened and endangered species such as grizzly bear and bull trout, as well as non threatened keystone species such as bighorn sheep and black bear. The mountain ecosystems of GNP that support these species are dynamic and influenced by...Long Term Research in northwest Montana
The Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem (NCDE) in northwest Montana is one of the last strongholds of the grizzly bear in the lower 48 states. Of the six established grizzly bear recovery zones, the NCDE is the third largest in area, potentially harboring the greatest number of grizzly bears, and is the only zone contiguous to a strong Canadian population. However, little information exists...Grizzly Bear Family Tree
Building a family tree of grizzly bears can both satisfy our natural curiosity about bear society and answer many ecologically important questions about the ways bears interact with each other and the landscape.Grizzly Bear Dispersal
This work has two components. First, we developed a method to use our family tree data to examine dispersal. Next, we would like to apply this method to our updated and more complete family tree to improve our understanding of how grizzly bears disperse.Predicting changes in Bear Foods
Huckleberries are central to the diets of bears, grouse, and other animals, as well as being a cultural and food resource for humans. Approximately 15% of the diet of bears in the Whitefish range and Glacier National Park is huckleberries, and huckleberries help bears gain weight for hibernation. Changes in climate lead to changes in vegetation phenology, productivity, and quality that may...Bighorn Sheep in and near Glacier National Park
USGS collected GPS data as well as genetic and other samples on over 100 bighorn sheep east of the Continental Divide in Glacier National Park, Waterton National Park, and the Blackfeet Reservation. Bighorn sheep across the west are vulnerable to disease such as pneumonia. We are therefore working to improve our understanding of bighorn sheep movements, approaches for monitoring bighorns, and... - Data
Filter Total Items: 14
Occurrence data of the western bumble bee from 1998 to 2020 across the western United States
These raw survey data and associated explanatory covariates were used to model western bumble bee occupancy across the western conterminous United States from 1998 to 2020. These data underlie the analyses found in the publication of “Recent and future declines of a historically widespread pollinator linked to climate, land cover, and pesticides” by Janousek et al. 2023 in the Proceedings of the NWyoming statewide time-stamped oil and gas activity, 1900-2020
The Wyoming statewide time-stamped oil and gas wells shapefile was developed to provide a historical perspective of drilling activity for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative (WLCI). This product approximates start and stop dates for each well in Wyoming based on database attributes. These data originated from the Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (WOGCC). Data represent 120 yeaBumblebee Surveys in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nevada, USA
Bumblebee community surveys used occupancy survey designs primarily across lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Glacier National Park (GNP). They also include a few surveys in Nevada. These records represent timed surveys that were both successful and unsuccessful in detecting western bumblebees.Neonicotinoid nitroguanidine group insecticide application rates estimated across the western conterminous United States, 2008 to 2014
These data represents annual estimates of neonicotinoid nitroguanidine group insecticide application rates across the western conterminous United States from 2008 to 2014. This product contains seven raster layers (appearing as separate bands in a multi-band raster). Each band represents one year of the data beginning in 2008. Estimates are generated by pairing crop specific application rates of nWestern bumble bee predicted occupancy (1998, 2020) and future projections (2050s), western conterminous United States
These data represent occupancy estimates for western bumble bee across the western conterminous United States. This product contains five raster layers (appearing as separate bands in a multi-band raster). The first two bands represent the predicted occupancy of western bumble bee in 1998 and 2020. We modeled western bumble bee occupancy as a function of climate and land cover. The last three bandDaily 30-m fractional snow covered area and summary stats for the National Elk Refuge, Wyoming from 2015 to 2020
This dataset contains daily fractional snow covered area (fSCA) at 30-m spatial resolution from August 1, 2015 - May 15, 2020 (five winters) for the National Elk Refuge in Wyoming, USA. The following summary statistics are also included: date of snow accumulation, date of snow melt, number of days in year with snow on ground, and percentage of "winter days" in year with snow on gHistorical trend analysis of phenology dates across the Western US from 1982 to 2016
These data represent key phenology trends across the western United States from 1982-2016. Using two remote sensing datasets, CMGLSP and VIPPHEN-EVI2, trends were calculated for four phenology variables: Start of Season (SOS), Peak Instantaneous Rate of Green-Up Date (PIRGd), Peak of Season (POS), and End of Season (EOS). The Theil-Sen slope and standard deviation were applied to the phenology metProjected peak instantaneous rate of green-up date and spring scale across Wyoming from 2000 to 2099
These data represent projections of peak instantaneous rate of green-up date (PIRGd) and spring scale across Wyoming from 2000-2099. Annual data is provided in gridded time series at approximately 4 km spatial resolution. Projections were generated by applying linear mixed models to contemporary remote sensing data, and applying model parameters to future climate projection data from the MACA dataRemotely sensed elk locations on the National Elk Refuge, Wyoming, 2017-2019
Remotely sensed elk locations were derived from satellite and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) imagery collected during the winter of 2018 and the winter and spring of 2019 at the National Elk Refuge in Jackson, Wyoming and compared to locations from Global Positioning System (GPS) collars from 2017 - 2019. This data release provides the source, date, time, latitude, and longitude of elk locations anWestern bumble bee predicted occupancy and detection probability rasters for the western continental United States from 1998 to 2018
These data represent occupancy estimates for western bumble bee across the western continental United States and the spatial variation in detection probabilities that occur during bumble bee surveys. This product contains five raster layers (appearing as separate bands in a multi-band raster). The first two bands represent the predicted occupancy of western bumble bee in 1998 and 2018. We modeledUngulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 1
This is the data archive for the publication Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States, Volume 1 (Kauffman et al. 2020) and includes the collection of GIS map files that are mapped and described in the report. These map files are meant to provide a common spatial representation of the mapped migrations. This data release provides the means for ungulate migrations to be mapped and planned foBighorn sheep Ovine HD array genotypes from National Parks, 2004-2011
Between 2004 and 2011 bighorn sheep were darted in Glacier National Park and in Dinosaur National Monument. Blood was drawn. These are the genotypes resulting from an Ovine HD array from the bighorns. The first 3 columns refers to bighorn sheep identifiers: 'Herd_Unit', 'IndID', and 'AgencyID'. IndID is the identifier assigned at Montana State University. Subsequent columns each represent a locus, - Multimedia
- Software
WildAgg: an R package to estimate and visualize wildlife aggregation data
This package is designed to estimate, summarize, and visualize wildlife aggregation metrics using location information like GPS collar data. The motivation for the development of this package began with two research efforts studying the aggregation and density of elk on the National Elk Refuge, Wyoming (Janousek et al.2021; and Graves et al. 2021). The primary goal of the WildAgg package is to pro - News