James Orlando is a hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey and has been with the California Water Science Center since 1999.
James received his BS and MS degrees from California State University Sacramento. His focus at the USGS has been on examining spatial and temporal trends in concentrations of pesticides, mercury, and other contaminants found in surface water, sediment and biota of freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. His additional research interests include using GIS to display, analyze and model environmental and anthropogenic variables in an effort to better understand their impacts on sensitive ecosystems. He is currently a project chief in charge of USGS, Pesticide Fate Research Group studies taking place within California.
Science and Products
Neonicotinoid Seed Treatment Study
Occurrence of Current-use Pesticides in Suisun Bay and Potential Effects on Phytoplankton
Pesticide Studies in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay Estuary
Pesticide Occurrence in California – Yolo Bypass Pesticide Analyses
Delta Regional Monitoring Program: Current-use Pesticides
Coordinated Pesticide Reconnaissance Study of Surface Waters in California
Pesticides in Suspended Sediment of the Alamo and New Rivers
Pesticide Fate Research Group (PFRG)
Pesticide Concentrations Measured in Zooplankton Samples Collected from the Sacramento River and Yolo Bypass, California, 2021
Pesticide Concentrations Measured in Zooplankton Samples Collected from the Sacramento River and Yolo Bypass, California, 2017-2020
Shallow Sediment Geochemistry in a Mercury-Contaminated Multi-Habitat Floodplain: Cache Creek Settling Basin, Yolo County, California (version 2.0, August 2021)
Update of the Mineral Resources Data System for California including Mineral Deposit Types
Pesticide detections in streams throughout the foothills of the Sierra Nevada range using passive samplers from 2017 to 2019
Insecticide and fungicide concentrations in irrigation runoff and soils from a lettuce field in the Salinas Valley, California, 2019 and 2020
Pesticide concentrations in surface waters of the Sacramento Valley rice-growing regions, 2010
Geochemical, mineralogical, and grain-size data for in-situ solid materials and suspended sediment at Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, Nevada County, California
Geochemistry of shallow sediment including mercury, methylmercury and other constituents in the Cache Creek Settling Basin, Yolo County, California, 2010-16
Assessing the presence of current-use pesticides in mid-elevation Sierra Nevada streams using passive samplers, California, 2018–19
Comparing imidacloprid, clothianidin, and azoxystrobin runoff from lettuce fields using a soil drench or treated seeds in the Salinas Valley, California
Pesticide concentrations associated with augmented flow pulses in the Yolo Bypass and Cache Slough Complex, California
Pesticide mixtures in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, 2016–17: Results from year 2 of the Delta Regional Monitoring Program
Review of and recommendations for monitoring contaminants and their effects in the San Francisco Bay−Delta
Spatial variability of phytoplankton in a shallow tidal freshwater system reveals complex controls on abundance and community structure
Reconnaissance of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in private and public supply tapwaters at selected residential and workplace sites in the United States
Safe drinking water at the point-of-use (tapwater, TW) is a United States public health priority. Multiple lines of evidence were used to evaluate potential human health concerns of 482 organics and 19 inorganics in TW from 13 (7 public supply, 6 private well self-supply) home and 12 (public supply) workplace locations in 11 states. Only uranium (61.9 μg L–1, private well) exceeded a National Prim
Dissolved pesticide concentrations in the lower Sacramento River and its source waters, California, 2016
Applications of the California pesticide use reporting database in more than 25 years of U.S. Geological Survey hydrological studies
Detections of current-use pesticides at 12 surface water sites in California during a 2-year period beginning in 2015
Pesticide inputs to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, 2015–16: Results from the Delta Regional Monitoring Program
Estimation and uncertainty of recent carbon accumulation and vertical accretion in drained and undrained forested peatlands of the southeastern USA
Science and Products
- Science
Neonicotinoid Seed Treatment Study
Neonicotinoids are a new class of insecticides chemically related to nicotine. Like nicotine, they act on receptors in the nerves and are generally much more toxic to insects, than they are to mammals and other higher organisms. Their use has increased rapidly over the last decade, driven in large part by their use for seed coating. Seed coating is when a seed is treated with an insecticide prior...Occurrence of Current-use Pesticides in Suisun Bay and Potential Effects on Phytoplankton
Suisun Bay is an area identified as critical habitat for the threatened Delta Smelt. Several important changes in the pelagic food web of this area have been documented over the last two decades indicating that food for Delta Smelt and other threatened fishes is in short.Pesticide Studies in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta and San Francisco Bay Estuary
The objectives of this specific study are to characterize the mixtures of current-use pesticides and pesticide degradates entering the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta from its two main river sources over a period of 12 consecutive months.Pesticide Occurrence in California – Yolo Bypass Pesticide Analyses
The project is part of an overarching Interagency Ecological Program (IEP)/Department of Water Resources (DWR) study that is focused on understanding the processes by which the Yolo Bypass may provide a fall food web supply for the Cache Slough Complex and downstream regions of the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta. Several studies conducted since 2011 have shown that phytoplankton blooms can be...Delta Regional Monitoring Program: Current-use Pesticides
This study will utilize the unique analytical capabilities of the USGS Pesticide Fate Research Group (PFRG), Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory (OCRL) to assess the occurrence of a large suite of understudied, current-use pesticides and pesticide degradates in surface waters entering the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta.Coordinated Pesticide Reconnaissance Study of Surface Waters in California
Pesticides are used throughout the State of California in both urban and agricultural settings and are routinely detected in surface water. Each year, new pesticides are introduced to the market and often become detected in surface water. It can take several years or more for routine monitoring programs to acquire the capability to detect new and understudied pesticides of concern because...Pesticides in Suspended Sediment of the Alamo and New Rivers
Previous studies have detected current-use pesticides and DDT metabolites in water and suspended sediments from the Alamo and New Rivers. Additional studies have found water samples from both rivers to be toxic to aquatic organisms in laboratory bioassays, and implicated certain current-use pesticides as the source of this toxicity. Recent requirements under the Clean Water Act for the Regional...Pesticide Fate Research Group (PFRG)
Pesticides are applied in agricultural and urban areas to control weeds, insects, fungus, and other pests. Applied pesticides and their degradates can be transported off-site through a variety of mechanisms; these pesticides can then be found in non-target areas. Pesticide transport can occur through the atmosphere, in the aqueous phase (surface and groundwater) and associated with soil/sediment... - Data
Pesticide Concentrations Measured in Zooplankton Samples Collected from the Sacramento River and Yolo Bypass, California, 2021
Zooplankton samples were collected at one site upstream of the Yolo Bypass in Northern California, three sites within the Bypass, and at a comparison site on the Sacramento River below the city of Sacramento and analyzed for a large suite of current-use pesticides and degradates. Samples were collected every two weeks from early August 2021 to mid-October 2021. Samples were collected by towing a 1Pesticide Concentrations Measured in Zooplankton Samples Collected from the Sacramento River and Yolo Bypass, California, 2017-2020
Zooplankton samples were collected at a site in the Yolo Bypass in Northern California and at a comparison site on the Sacramento River below the city of Sacramento and analyzed for a large suite of current-use pesticides and degradates. Samples were collected biweekly in the summer/fall 2017 and 2018, and from May 2019-March 2020. Samples were collected by towing a 150-micron conical plankton netShallow Sediment Geochemistry in a Mercury-Contaminated Multi-Habitat Floodplain: Cache Creek Settling Basin, Yolo County, California (version 2.0, August 2021)
The Cache Creek Settling Basin (CCSB) is a 13.3 km2 leveed basin located at the terminal drainage of the Cache Creek watershed, immediately NE of the town of Woodland (Yolo County), California and approximately 18 km NW of Sacramento, California. The basin was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (completed in 1937 and modified in 1993) for the purpose of trapping suspended sediment traUpdate of the Mineral Resources Data System for California including Mineral Deposit Types
There are more than 42,000 entries in the USGS Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS) for the State of California. Previously, the field for deposit type was sparsely populated, which made it difficult to evaluate mine sites needing environmental remediation. This has been rectified by populating the deposit type field using 100 deposit types cited in previous USGS publications, and 137 provisionalPesticide detections in streams throughout the foothills of the Sierra Nevada range using passive samplers from 2017 to 2019
This dataset was produced from analyzing Affinisep SDB-RPS, Affinisep HLB, and Restek Resprep C18 disks that were deployed with the use of Chemcatcher� passive sampling devices. Silicone bands were also deployed and used for exploring economical methods of sampling for pesticides in surface water. Sampling assemblies were deployed in streams throughout the foothills of the Sierra Nevada range andInsecticide and fungicide concentrations in irrigation runoff and soils from a lettuce field in the Salinas Valley, California, 2019 and 2020
Irrigation runoff and soil samples were collected from a lettuce field located at the USDA-ARS Spence Research farm in the Salinas Valley, California to measure neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin and imidacloprid) and a fungicide (azoxystrobin) applied via coated seed and drench treatments. The field trial was designed to evaluate four treatments with replication: 1) control, untreated seed,Pesticide concentrations in surface waters of the Sacramento Valley rice-growing regions, 2010
Surface water samples were collected from four stream/agricultural drain sites in the Sacramento Valley of California to measure pesticides commonly applied to rice. Samples were collected weekly from May through August 2010 to capture the rice pesticide application season. Water samples were filtered (0.7 ?m) and extracted via solid-phase extraction. Additionally, the filter paper was solvent extGeochemical, mineralogical, and grain-size data for in-situ solid materials and suspended sediment at Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, Nevada County, California
This dataset includes data for in-situ solid materials and suspended sediments from surface-water samples, as well as surface-water chemistry from samples collected during storm events at Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, Nevada County, California. In-situ solid samples were collected during 2015 along six vertical transects along the cliff walls of the mine pit. Surface-water samples were colGeochemistry of shallow sediment including mercury, methylmercury and other constituents in the Cache Creek Settling Basin, Yolo County, California, 2010-16
The Cache Creek Settling Basin (CCSB) is a 13.3 km2 leveed basin located at the terminal drainage of the Cache Creek watershed, immediately NE of the town of Woodland (Yolo County), California and approximately 18 km NW of Sacramento, California. The basin was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (completed in 1937 and modified in 1993) for the purpose of trapping suspended sediment tra - Multimedia
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Assessing the presence of current-use pesticides in mid-elevation Sierra Nevada streams using passive samplers, California, 2018–19
Passive sampler devices were deployed in six northern California streams five times between November 2018 and December 2019 to measure the presence or absence of current-use pesticides in surface water. In the targeted areas, there are reported pesticide uses for agriculture, commercial forestry, and rights of way maintenance along with unreported pesticide use at private residences and cannabis gAuthorsMatthew D. De Parsia, James L. Orlando, Michelle L. HladikComparing imidacloprid, clothianidin, and azoxystrobin runoff from lettuce fields using a soil drench or treated seeds in the Salinas Valley, California
Neonicotinoid insecticide use has increased over the last decade, including as agricultural seed treatments (application of chemical in a coating to the seed prior to planting). In California, multiple crops, including lettuce, can be grown using neonicotinoid treated seeds or receive a direct neonicotinoid soil application (drenching) at planting. Using research plots, this study compared pesticiAuthorsEmily Woodward, Michelle Hladik, Anson Main, Michael Cahn, James Orlando, Jennifer TeerlinkPesticide concentrations associated with augmented flow pulses in the Yolo Bypass and Cache Slough Complex, California
Surface-water and suspended-sediment samples were collected and analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey for multiple current-use pesticides and pesticide degradates approximately every 2 weeks at up to five sites in the Yolo Bypass and Cache Slough Complex before, during, and after augmented flow pulses in summer and fall 2016 and 2018 as well as during ambient flow conditions in summer and fall 20AuthorsJames L. Orlando, Matt De Parsia, Corey Sanders, Michelle Hladik, Jared FrantzichPesticide mixtures in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, 2016–17: Results from year 2 of the Delta Regional Monitoring Program
The Delta Regional Monitoring Program was developed by the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board in response to the decline of pelagic fish species in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta that was observed in the early 2000s. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Delta Regional Monitoring Program, has been responsible for collecting and analyzing surface-water samples for aAuthorsMatthew De Parsia, Emily E. Woodward, James L. Orlando, Michelle L. HladikReview of and recommendations for monitoring contaminants and their effects in the San Francisco Bay−Delta
Legacy and current-use contaminants enter into and accumulate throughout the San Francisco Bay−Delta (Bay−Delta), and are present at concentrations with known effects on species important to this diverse watershed. There remains major uncertainty and a lack of focused research able to address and provide understanding of effects across multiple biological scales, despite previous and ongoing emphaAuthorsRichard E Connon, Simone Hasenbein, Susanne M. Brander, Helen C. Poynton, Erika B Holland, Daniel Schlenk, James Orlando, Michelle Hladik, Tracy K. Collier, Nathaniel L Scholz, John P Incardona, Nancy D. Denslow, Amro Hamdoun, Sascha Nicklisch, Natalia Garcia-Reyero, Edward J. Perkins, Evan P Gallagher, Xin Deng, Dan Wang, Stephanie Fong, Richard S Breuer, Mehrdad Hajibabei, James B Brown, John K Colbourne, Thomas M Young, Gary Cherr, Andrew Whitehead, Anne E. TodghamSpatial variability of phytoplankton in a shallow tidal freshwater system reveals complex controls on abundance and community structure
Estuaries worldwide are undergoing changes to patterns of aquatic productivity because of human activities that alter flow, impact sediment delivery and thus the light field, and contribute nutrients and contaminants like pesticides and metals. These changes can influence phytoplankton communities, which in turn can alter estuarine food webs. We used multiple approaches-including high-resolution wAuthorsElizabeth Stumpner, Brian A. Bergamaschi, Tamara E. C. Kraus, Alexander Parker, Francis Wilkerson, Bryan D. Downing, Richard Dugdale, Michael T. Murrell, Kurt D. Carpenter, James Orlando, Carol KendallReconnaissance of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in private and public supply tapwaters at selected residential and workplace sites in the United States
Safe drinking water at the point-of-use (tapwater, TW) is a United States public health priority. Multiple lines of evidence were used to evaluate potential human health concerns of 482 organics and 19 inorganics in TW from 13 (7 public supply, 6 private well self-supply) home and 12 (public supply) workplace locations in 11 states. Only uranium (61.9 μg L–1, private well) exceeded a National Prim
AuthorsPaul M. Bradley, Dana W. Kolpin, Kristin M. Romanok, Kelly L. Smalling, Michael J. Focazio, Juliane B. Brown, Mary C. Cardon, Kurt D. Carpenter, Steven R. Corsi, Laura A. DeCicco, Julie E. Dietze, Nicola Evans, Edward T. Furlong, Carrie E. Givens, James L. Gray, Dale W. Griffin, Christopher P. Higgins, Michelle L. Hladik, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Celeste A. Journey, Kathryn Kuivila, Jason R. Masoner, Carrie A. McDonough, Michael T. Meyer, James L. Orlando, Mark J. Strynar, Christopher P. Weis, Vickie S. WilsonByEcosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, California Water Science Center, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Colorado Water Science Center, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kansas Water Science Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, Oregon Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC), St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, National Water Quality LaboratoryDissolved pesticide concentrations in the lower Sacramento River and its source waters, California, 2016
As part of a collaborative study designed to better understand water-quality conditions in the Sacramento River, surface-water samples were collected from the lower Sacramento River and five of its tributaries and then analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey for a suite of 162 current-use pesticides and pesticide degradates. Samples were collected in May and October 2016 at 16 sites on the SacramenAuthorsSean M. Stout, James L. Orlando, Megan McWayne-Holmes, Corey Sanders, Michelle L. HladikApplications of the California pesticide use reporting database in more than 25 years of U.S. Geological Survey hydrological studies
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been collecting data on the occurrence of pesticides in California surface and ground water since the 1970’s. The design of these studies benefited from the availability of the Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) database of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation. Actual locations and dates of applications of active ingredient allow for effective design oAuthorsJoseph L. Domagalski, James OrlandoDetections of current-use pesticides at 12 surface water sites in California during a 2-year period beginning in 2015
Surface water samples were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and multiple cooperators during base flow/irrigation runoff and storm runoff conditions from 12 sites throughout California, over 2 consecutive years beginning in April 2015, from both urban and agriculturally dominated watersheds. Water samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatrography/tandemAuthorsCorey Sanders, James L. Orlando, Michelle L. HladikPesticide inputs to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, 2015–16: Results from the Delta Regional Monitoring Program
Emergent hypotheses about causes of the pelagic organism decline in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (Delta) indicate that a more complete understanding of the quality of water entering the Delta is needed. Less than half of all pesticides used in the Delta watershed are measured in samples collected for routine monitoring, and with new pesticides continually being registered for use, the concentrAuthorsMatthew De Parsia, James L. Orlando, Megan M. McWayne, Michelle L. HladikEstimation and uncertainty of recent carbon accumulation and vertical accretion in drained and undrained forested peatlands of the southeastern USA
The purpose of this study was to determine how drainage impacts carbon densities and recent rates (past 50 years) of vertical accretion and carbon accumulation in southeastern forested peatlands. We compared these parameters in drained maple-gum (MAPL), Atlantic white cedar (CDR), and pocosin (POC) communities in the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (GDS) of Virginia/North Carolina andAuthorsJudith Z. Drexler, Christopher C. Fuller, James L. Orlando, Antonia Salas, Frederic C. Wurster, Jamie A. Duberstein