Raymond Kokaly is an expert on the application of remote sensing and spectroscopy for vegetation and mineral characterization. His peer-reviewed publications on the use of spectroscopy include: quantifying biochemical content in leaf spectra, discriminating conifer species, examining post-fire surface cover, and characterizing the impact of oil contamination from the Deepwater Horizon spill.
His research has used multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing data from AVHRR, Landsat, Hyperion, AVIRIS, HyMap, and MODIS. Raymond created the PRISM software, a framework for archiving and analyzing spectroscopic data collected in the laboratory and the field and from remote sensing platforms. PRISM was applied to map surficial minerals across most of Afghanistan, covering more than 480,000 sq. km. an area about the size of the state of California.
Professional Experience
Research Geophysicist, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996–present
Education and Certifications
University of Colorado at Boulder, M.S. in Aerospace Engineering Sciences, 1993
Science and Products
Increasing data accessibility by adding existing datasets and capabilities to a cutting-edge visualization app to enable cross-community use
Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging of Critical Mineral Resources
Development and Validation of Hyperspectral Imager for Field and Lab Scanning
USGS High Resolution Spectral Library
HySpex© VNIR-1800 and SWIR-384 imaging spectrometer radiance and reflectance data, with associated ASD© FieldSpecⓇ NG calibration data, collected at Cripple Creek Victor mine, Cripple Creek, Colorado, 2017
Corescan Hyperspectral Core Imager, Mark III system data collected for the characterization of mineral resources near Nabesna, Alaska, 2014-2016
Imaging spectrometer reflectance data, mineral predominance map, and white mica wavelength position map, Nabesna Quadrangle, Alaska
Whole rock, soil, sediment, x-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analyses of samples from the Orange Hill-Bond Creek area, Nabesna Quadrangle, Alaska
Airborne imaging spectrometer data collected for characterizing mineral resources near Nabesna, Alaska, 2014
USGS Spectral Library Version 7 Data
The EnMAP imaging spectroscopy mission towards operations
Optimizing Landsat Next shortwave infrared bands for crop residue characterization
Microplastic particles in dust-on-snow, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado Rocky Mountains, 2013–16
Hyperspectral remote sensing of white mica: A review of imaging and point-based spectrometer studies for mineral resources, with spectrometer design considerations
Multiscale hyperspectral imaging of hydrothermal alteration in Yellowstone National Park, USA
Evaluation of SWIR crop residue bands for the Landsat Next mission
Mineral Mapping of the Battle Mountain District, Nevada, USA, Using AVIRIS-Classic and SpecTIR Inc. AisaFENIX 1K Imaging Spectrometer Datasets
NASA's surface biology and geology designated observable: A perspective on surface imaging algorithms
Quantifying uncertainty for remote spectroscopy of surface composition
Dust deposited on snow cover in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, 2011-2016: Compositional variability bearing on snow-melt effects
Comparison of methods for modeling fractional cover using simulated satellite hyperspectral imager spectra
Imaging spectroscopy for the detection, assessment and monitoring of natural and anthropogenic hazards
USGS Digital Spectral Library
References for material identification in remote sensing images. The library contains spectral reflectance data for of hundreds of materials, including minerals, vegetation, organic and volatile compounds, and man-made materials.
Processing Routines in IDL for Spectroscopic Measurements (PRISM)
USGS Processing Routines in IDL for Spectroscopic Meausres (PRISM) software provides a framework to conduct spectroscopy analysis of measurements made by spectrometers. PRISM functions allows users to compare spectra of materials of unknown composition with reference spectra of known materials.
View_SPECPR: Software for Plotting Spectra
The View_SPECPR software system plots spectra stored in SPECPR (SPECtrum Processing Routines) files.
Science and Products
- Science
Increasing data accessibility by adding existing datasets and capabilities to a cutting-edge visualization app to enable cross-community use
We will collate and publish existing datasets from collaborators and ingest them into a visualization app to help researchers with machine learning model-building and hypothesis-making. These data collation and app development methods could help other researchers increase their data accessibility.Spectroscopy and Hyperspectral Imaging of Critical Mineral Resources
Our project will characterize the primary critical minerals (minerals that contain critical elements in their base structure) that are not yet in the USGS Spectral Library. We propose to increase understanding of the spectral indicators of critical minerals using lab-based studies of hand specimens and drill core, hyperspectral field scanning, and hyperspectral images collected from aircraft.Development and Validation of Hyperspectral Imager for Field and Lab Scanning
The Mineral Resources Program has advanced methods of imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral remote sensing) that are now used routinely by the earth science and remote sensing communities for mineral mapping, soil quality mapping, hazard mitigation, and other terrestrial and planetary applications. The USGS is highly qualified to advance this technology based on its world class expertise in mineral...USGS High Resolution Spectral Library
The USGS Spectral Library contains reflectance spectra, including samples of minerals, rocks, soils, physically constructed as well as mathematically computed mixtures, plants, vegetation communities, microorganisms, and man-made materials. The samples and spectra collected were assembled for the purpose of using spectral features for the remote detection of these and similar materials. The latest... - Data
HySpex© VNIR-1800 and SWIR-384 imaging spectrometer radiance and reflectance data, with associated ASD© FieldSpecⓇ NG calibration data, collected at Cripple Creek Victor mine, Cripple Creek, Colorado, 2017
HySpex© VNIR-1800 and SWIR-384 imaging spectrometer radiance data were acquired on September 14, 2017 at the Cresson Pit of the Cripple Creek & Victor mine in Cripple Creek, Colorado. ASD© FieldSpecⓇ NG data were collected on September 13 and 14, 2017 at two calibration sites within the Cresson Pit imaged with the HySpex© imaging spectrometers. The HySpex© VNIR-1800 imaging spectrometer is a pushCorescan Hyperspectral Core Imager, Mark III system data collected for the characterization of mineral resources near Nabesna, Alaska, 2014-2016
Corescan Hyperspectral Core Imager Mark III (HCI-III) system data were acquired for hand samples, and subsequent billets made from the hand samples, collected during the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 2014, 2015, and 2016 field seasons in the Nabesna area of the eastern Alaska Range. This area contains exposed porphyry deposits and hand samples were collected throughout the region in support of theImaging spectrometer reflectance data, mineral predominance map, and white mica wavelength position map, Nabesna Quadrangle, Alaska
Approximately 1,900 square kilometers of imagery were collected from July 14 to July 21, 2014 using a HyMap sensor (Cocks and others, 1998) mounted on a modified Piper Navajo aircraft. The survey area covered parts of the Wrangell and Nutzotin Mountains in the eastern Alaska Range near Nabesna, Alaska. The aircraft was flown at an altitude of approximately 5,050 meters (m) (3,480 m above the meanWhole rock, soil, sediment, x-ray diffraction, and electron microprobe analyses of samples from the Orange Hill-Bond Creek area, Nabesna Quadrangle, Alaska
This data release includes geochemical, x-ray diffraction mineralogical, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) data on rocks, soils, and sediments collected near the Orange Hill and Bond Creek porphyry copper deposits, Nabesna quadrangle, Alaska. Geochemical analyses were completed by a laboratory under contract with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Electron microprobe and x-ray diffraction miAirborne imaging spectrometer data collected for characterizing mineral resources near Nabesna, Alaska, 2014
Imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data were collected using the HyMap sensor over the Nabesna Area of Interest (AOI) in the eastern Alaska Range, July 14 and July 21, 2014. The primary study area was a remote part of the eastern Alaska Range where porphyry deposits are exposed. The HyMap imaging spectrometer measured reflected sunlight in 126 narrow channels spanning the 0.4 to 2.5 micron wavelUSGS Spectral Library Version 7 Data
This data release provides the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Spectral Library Version 7 and all related documents. The library contains spectra measured with laboratory, field, and airborne spectrometers. The instruments used cover wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the far infrared (0.2 to 200 microns). Laboratory samples of specific minerals, plants, chemical compounds, and man-made materials w - Multimedia
- Publications
Filter Total Items: 125
The EnMAP imaging spectroscopy mission towards operations
EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program) is a high-resolution imaging spectroscopy remote sensing mission that was successfully launched on April 1st, 2022. Equipped with a prism-based dual-spectrometer, EnMAP performs observations in the spectral range between 418.2 nm and 2445.5 nm with 224 bands and a high radiometric and spectral accuracy and stability. EnMAP products, with a groundAuthorsTobias Storch, Hans-Peter Honold, Sabine Chabrillat, Martin Habermeyer, Paul Tucker, Maximilian Brell, Andreas Ohndorf, Katrin Wirth, Matthias Betz, Michael Kuchler, Helmut Mühle, Emiliano Carmona, Simon Baur, Martin Mücke, Sebastian Löw, Daniel Schulze, Steffen Zimmermann, Christoph Lenzen, Sebastian Wiesner, Saika Aida, Ralph Kahle, Peter Willburger, Sebastian Hartung, Daniele Dietrich, Nicolae Plesia, Mirco Tegler, Katharina Schork, Kevin Alonso, David B. Marshall, Birgit Gerasch, Peter Schwind, Miguel Pato, Mathias Schneider, Raquel de los Reyes, Maximilian Langheinrich, Julian Wenzel, Martin Bachmann, Stefanie Holzwarth, Nicole Pinnel, Luis Guanter, Karl Segl, Daniel Scheffler, Saskia Foerster, Niklas Bohn, Astrid Bracher, Mariana Soppa, Ferran Gascon, Robert O. Green, Raymond F. Kokaly, Jose M. Moreno, Cindy Ong, Manuela Sornig, Ricarda Wernitz, Klaus Bagschik, Detlef Reintsema, Laura La Porta, Anke Schickling, Sebastian FischerOptimizing Landsat Next shortwave infrared bands for crop residue characterization
This study focused on optimizing the placement of shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands for pixel-level estimation of fractional crop residue cover (fR) for the upcoming Landsat Next mission. We applied an iterative wavelength shift approach to a database of crop residue field spectra collected in Beltsville, Maryland, USA (n = 916) and computed generalized two- and three-band spectral indices for all wAuthorsBrian T Lamb, Phillip Dennison, W. Dean Hively, Raymond F. Kokaly, Guy Serbin, Zhuoting Wu, Philip W. Dabney, Jeffery G. Masek, Michael Campbell, Craig S. T. DaughtryMicroplastic particles in dust-on-snow, Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado Rocky Mountains, 2013–16
Atmospheric dust deposited to snow cover (dust-on-snow) diminishes snow-surface albedo (SSA) to result in early onset and accelerated rate of melting, effects that challenge management of downstream water resources. During ongoing investigations to identify the light-energy absorbing dust particles most responsible for diminished SSA in the Upper Colorado River Basin of the Colorado Rocky MountainAuthorsRichard L. Reynolds, Harland L. Goldstein, Raymond F. Kokaly, Jeff DerryHyperspectral remote sensing of white mica: A review of imaging and point-based spectrometer studies for mineral resources, with spectrometer design considerations
Over the past ~30 years, hyperspectral remote sensing of chemical variations in white mica have proven to be useful for ore deposit studies in a range of deposit types. To better understand mineral deposits and to guide spectrometer design, this contribution reviews relevant papers from the fields of remote sensing, spectroscopy, and geology that have utilized spectral changes caused by chemical vAuthorsJohn Michael Meyer, Elizabeth A. Holley, Raymond F. KokalyMultiscale hyperspectral imaging of hydrothermal alteration in Yellowstone National Park, USA
Imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral imaging) data have mainly been used to map surface materials covering relatively small areas from airborne sensors over the past 20+ years. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey Integrated hyperspectral, geophysical and geochemical studies of Yellowstone National Park hydrothermal systems project, we have collected multiscale imaging spectrometer data includingAuthorsTodd M. Hoefen, Raymond F. Kokaly, Keith Eric Livo, John Michael Meyer, JoAnn HollowayEvaluation of SWIR crop residue bands for the Landsat Next mission
This research reports the findings of a Landsat Next expert review panel that evaluated the use of narrow shortwave infrared (SWIR) reflectance bands to measure ligno-cellulose absorption features centered near 2100 and 2300 nm, with the objective of measuring and mapping non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), crop residue cover, and the adoption of conservation tillage practices within agriculturalAuthorsW. Dean Hively, Brian T. Lamb, Craig S.T. Daughtry, Guy Serbin, Phillip Dennison, Raymond F. Kokaly, Zhuoting Wu, Jeffrey G. MasekMineral Mapping of the Battle Mountain District, Nevada, USA, Using AVIRIS-Classic and SpecTIR Inc. AisaFENIX 1K Imaging Spectrometer Datasets
Imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral imaging) has been used to successfully map minerals at the outcrop, deposit, district, and regional scale. This contribution presents spectral-based mineral maps of the Battle Mountain mining district, Nevada, USA, generated using multi-scale airborne imaging and ground-based point spectrometers. Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and AisaFEAuthorsJohn Michael Meyer, Elizabeth A. Holley, Raymond F. Kokaly, Gregg A. Swayze, Todd M. HoefenNASA's surface biology and geology designated observable: A perspective on surface imaging algorithms
The 2017–2027 National Academies' Decadal Survey, Thriving on Our Changing Planet, recommended Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) as a “Designated Targeted Observable” (DO). The SBG DO is based on the need for capabilities to acquire global, high spatial resolution, visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR; 380–2500 nm; ~30 m pixel resolution) hyperspectral (imaging spectroscopy) and multispectral midwAuthorsKerry Cawse-Nicholson, Philip A. Townsend, David Schimel, Ali M Assiri, Pamela L. Blake, Maria Fabrizia Buongiorno, Petya Campbell, Nimrod Carmon, Kimberly Ann Casey, Rosa Elvira Correa-Pabón, Kyla M. Dahlin, Hamid Dashti, Philip Dennison, Heidi Dierrsen, Adam Erickson, Joshua B. Fisher, Robert Frouin, Charles K. Gatebe, Hamed Gholizadeh, Michelle M. Gierach, Nancy F. Glenn, James A. Goodman, Daniel Mark Griffith, Liane Guild, Christopher R. Hakkenberg, Eric J. Hochberg, Thomas R. H. Holmes, Chaunmin Hu, Glynn Hulley, Karl F. Huemmrich, Raphael M. Kudela, Raymond F. Kokaly, Christine M. Lee, Roberta E. Martin, Charles E. Miller, Wesley J. Moses, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Joseph P. Ortiz, Daniel B. Otis, Nima Pahlevan, Thomas H. Painter, Ryan Pavlick, Benjamin Poulter, Yi Qi, Vincent J. Realmuto, Dar A. Roberts, Michael E. Schaepman, Fabian D Schneider, Florian M. Schwandner, Shawn P. Serbin, Alexey N. Shiklomanov, E. Natasha Stavros, David R. Thompson, Juan L. Torres-Perez, Kevin R. Turpie, Maria Tzortziou, Susan L. Ustin, Qian Yu, Yusri Yusup, Qingyuan ZhangQuantifying uncertainty for remote spectroscopy of surface composition
Remote surface measurements by imaging spectrometers play an important role in planetary and Earth science. To make these measurements, investigators calibrate instrument data to absolute units, invert physical models to estimate atmospheric effects, and then determine surface properties from the spectral reflectance. This study quantifies the uncertainty in this process. Global missions demand prAuthorsDavid R. Thompson, Amy Braverman, Philip Brodrick, Alberto Candela, Nimrod Carmon, Roger N. Clark, David Connelly, Robert O. Green, Raymond F. Kokaly, Longlei Li, Natalie Mahowald, Ronald L. Miller, Gregory S. Okin, Thomas H. Painter, Gregg A. Swayze, Michael Turmon, Jouni Susilouto, David WettergreenDust deposited on snow cover in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, 2011-2016: Compositional variability bearing on snow-melt effects
Light-absorbing particles in atmospheric dust deposited on snow cover (dust-on-snow, DOS) diminish albedo and accelerate the timing and rate of snow melt. Identification of these particles and their effects are relevant to snow-radiation modeling and thus water-resource management. Laboratory-measured reflectance of DOS samples from the San Juan Mountains (USA) were compared with DOS mass loading,AuthorsRichard L. Reynolds, Harland L. Goldstein, Bruce M. Moskowitz, Raymond F. Kokaly, Seth M. Munson, Peat Solheid, George N. Breit, Corey R. Lawrence, Jeff DerryComparison of methods for modeling fractional cover using simulated satellite hyperspectral imager spectra
Remotely sensed data can be used to model the fractional cover of green vegetation (GV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and soil in natural and agricultural ecosystems. NPV and soil cover are difficult to estimate accurately since absorption by lignin, cellulose, and other organic molecules cannot be resolved by broadband multispectral data. A new generation of satellite hyperspectral imagerAuthorsPhilip E. Dennison, Yi Qi, Susan K. Meerdink, Raymond F. Kokaly, David R. Thompson, Craig S.T. Daughtry, Miguel Quemada, Dar A. Roberts, Paul Gader, Erin Wetherley, Izaya Numata, Keely L. RothImaging spectroscopy for the detection, assessment and monitoring of natural and anthropogenic hazards
Natural and anthropogenic hazards have the potential to impact all aspects of society including its economy and the environment. Diagnostic data to inform decision-making are critical for hazard management whether for emergency response, routine monitoring or assessments of potential risks. Imaging spectroscopy (IS) has unique contributions to make via the ability to provide some key quantitativeAuthorsCindy Ong, Véronique Carrere, Sabine Chabrillat, Roger N. Clark, Todd M. Hoefen, Raymond F. Kokaly, Rodolphe Marion, Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho, Gregg A. Swayze, David R. Thompson - Web Tools
USGS Digital Spectral Library
References for material identification in remote sensing images. The library contains spectral reflectance data for of hundreds of materials, including minerals, vegetation, organic and volatile compounds, and man-made materials.
- Software
Processing Routines in IDL for Spectroscopic Measurements (PRISM)
USGS Processing Routines in IDL for Spectroscopic Meausres (PRISM) software provides a framework to conduct spectroscopy analysis of measurements made by spectrometers. PRISM functions allows users to compare spectra of materials of unknown composition with reference spectra of known materials.
View_SPECPR: Software for Plotting Spectra
The View_SPECPR software system plots spectra stored in SPECPR (SPECtrum Processing Routines) files.
- News