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plastic gallon soda bottles full of soil inverted on top of glass jars, light bulbs positioned near soil surface
Funnel system for studying soil invertebrates
Funnel system for studying soil invertebrates
Funnel system for studying soil invertebrates

A Berlese-Tullgren funnel system that is used for studying soil invertebrates. This laboratory technique causes soil invertebrates to move away from the soil surface as it is being warmed and dried by the lights above. The invertebrates are caught in jars of ethanol below the funnels, counted, and identified under a microscope.

A Berlese-Tullgren funnel system that is used for studying soil invertebrates. This laboratory technique causes soil invertebrates to move away from the soil surface as it is being warmed and dried by the lights above. The invertebrates are caught in jars of ethanol below the funnels, counted, and identified under a microscope.

Willamette River side channel
Willamette River side channel, Finley Nat'l Wildlife Refuge
Willamette River side channel, Finley Nat'l Wildlife Refuge
Willamette River side channel, Finley Nat'l Wildlife Refuge

Willamette River side channel, Snag Boat Bend, Finley Nat'l Wildlife Refuge near Corvallis, Oregon

person bent over on barren ground over looking a lake and mountains. A jute net covers the foreground.
Scientist spreading moss fragments
Scientist spreading moss fragments
Scientist spreading moss fragments

A USGS scientist spreads moss fragments for a study to test the restoration potential of moss, an important component of biological soil crust. A jute net, foreground, helps stabilize the moss fragments as they adhere to the soil.

A USGS scientist spreads moss fragments for a study to test the restoration potential of moss, an important component of biological soil crust. A jute net, foreground, helps stabilize the moss fragments as they adhere to the soil.

blue Snake River water running through an arid, high desert canyon. Two boats are travelling on the river into the distance.
Looking downstream onto Hells Canyon Reservoir
Looking downstream onto Hells Canyon Reservoir
Looking downstream onto Hells Canyon Reservoir

The Snake River is the largest tributary of the Columbia River. It drains over 108,000 square miles in mainly Idaho and portions of Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. The climate of much of the Snake River watershed is arid or semi-arid and spring snowmelt contributes substantially to the river’s flow.

The Snake River is the largest tributary of the Columbia River. It drains over 108,000 square miles in mainly Idaho and portions of Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. The climate of much of the Snake River watershed is arid or semi-arid and spring snowmelt contributes substantially to the river’s flow.

Six small birds sitting on the top of a dead tree, blue sky in the background
Purple martins on a snag
Purple martins on a snag
Purple martins on a snag

Western purple martins require abundant snags for nesting. Retaining snags after timber harvest is one solution to help this declining species recover.

Western purple martins require abundant snags for nesting. Retaining snags after timber harvest is one solution to help this declining species recover.

a hill on the left is covered in green grass and other plants, a hill on the right is covered in brown grass
Effect of aspect on post-fire vegetation recovery
Effect of aspect on post-fire vegetation recovery
Effect of aspect on post-fire vegetation recovery

This image taken at the site of the 2015 Soda Wildfire shows the effect of aspect on plant communities in the sagebrush steppe. Aspect refers to the direction in which a landform, like these hills, is oriented in relation to the sun's path across the sky.

This image taken at the site of the 2015 Soda Wildfire shows the effect of aspect on plant communities in the sagebrush steppe. Aspect refers to the direction in which a landform, like these hills, is oriented in relation to the sun's path across the sky.

rolling hills with some exposed rock mountains, the hills are mostly covered in brown grass with a few leafless sagebrush
Sagebrush steppe landscape at the site of the Soda Wildfire
Sagebrush steppe landscape at the site of the Soda Wildfire
Sagebrush steppe landscape at the site of the Soda Wildfire

The sagebrush steppe of the western U.S., including the site of the 2015 Soda Wildfire pictured here, is vast and encompasses landscapes with variable elevation, weather, water availability, aspect, soil type, and more.

The sagebrush steppe of the western U.S., including the site of the 2015 Soda Wildfire pictured here, is vast and encompasses landscapes with variable elevation, weather, water availability, aspect, soil type, and more.

landscape of red alder with evergreen trees
Red alder landscape
Red alder landscape
Red alder landscape

Looking out over a red alder forest with evergreen trees at Cascade Head Preserve in Oregon.

Looking out over a red alder forest with evergreen trees at Cascade Head Preserve in Oregon.

A blue purple bird with dark wings standing on a dead tree, with three holes in tree that are bird nests
Western purple martin nesting on a snag
Western purple martin nesting on a snag
Western purple martin nesting on a snag

A western purple martin on a snag - or dead tree- in western Oregon. Purple martins require snags for nesting.

a person pressing a long metal device into the ground, the plot of soil is bare but outside the plot there is green grass
Field technician collecting a soil core
Field technician collecting a soil core
Field technician collecting a soil core

A field technician taking a soil core sample at Wildcat, a field site in southwest Idaho. Scientists are studying the effects of herbicides used to control exotic annual grasses on soil.

A field technician taking a soil core sample at Wildcat, a field site in southwest Idaho. Scientists are studying the effects of herbicides used to control exotic annual grasses on soil.

a field at the base of hills with short green grass, in the middle is a perfect square that is brown and missing grass
Experimental herbicide treatment plot in Idaho
Experimental herbicide treatment plot in Idaho
Experimental herbicide treatment plot in Idaho

The Wildcat experimental treatment site in southwest Idaho at the base of the Owyhee Mountains. The brown square was treated with pre-emergent herbicide and is free of cheatgrass, a few native perennial bunchgrasses were able to establish. This image was taken the first Spring after treatment.

The Wildcat experimental treatment site in southwest Idaho at the base of the Owyhee Mountains. The brown square was treated with pre-emergent herbicide and is free of cheatgrass, a few native perennial bunchgrasses were able to establish. This image was taken the first Spring after treatment.

Epiphytic lichen on a tree in Oregon
Epiphytic lichen on a hardwood tree in Corvallis, Oregon
Epiphytic lichen on a hardwood tree in Corvallis, Oregon
Epiphytic lichen on a hardwood tree in Corvallis, Oregon

The USGS is researching how trees and epiphytic lichens are affected by nitrogen deposition in temperate forests.

sampling equipment on big sagebrush site
Plot 347, point 6, Morley Nelson Snake River NCA
Plot 347, point 6, Morley Nelson Snake River NCA
Plot 347, point 6, Morley Nelson Snake River NCA

Cover photo for Shinneman, D.J., Welty, J.L., Arkle, R.S., Pilliod, D.S., Glenn, N.F., McIlroy, S.K., Halford, A.S., 2018, Fuels guide and database for intact and invaded big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) ecological sites—User manual: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Report 1048, p.

Cover photo for Shinneman, D.J., Welty, J.L., Arkle, R.S., Pilliod, D.S., Glenn, N.F., McIlroy, S.K., Halford, A.S., 2018, Fuels guide and database for intact and invaded big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) ecological sites—User manual: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series Report 1048, p.

Idaho/Oregon border stake with person pulling a sled in background
Crossing the Idaho-Oregon border in winter
Crossing the Idaho-Oregon border in winter
Crossing the Idaho-Oregon border in winter

This remote area along the southern Idaho-Oregon border was affected by the 2015 Soda Fire, which burned nearly 400 square miles of sagebrush habitat important to many species of wildlife, as well as federal and private ranchlands.

This remote area along the southern Idaho-Oregon border was affected by the 2015 Soda Fire, which burned nearly 400 square miles of sagebrush habitat important to many species of wildlife, as well as federal and private ranchlands.

woman leaning on soil auger
Collecting soil cores for a SageSTEP carbon budget study
Collecting soil cores for a SageSTEP carbon budget study
Collecting soil cores for a SageSTEP carbon budget study

This auger is used to collect 1 meter deep soil cores for a carbon budget study associated with the SageSTEP project. SageSTEP is a long-term, multi-disciplinary experiment evaluating sagebrush restoration methods in the Great Basin.

This auger is used to collect 1 meter deep soil cores for a carbon budget study associated with the SageSTEP project. SageSTEP is a long-term, multi-disciplinary experiment evaluating sagebrush restoration methods in the Great Basin.

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