Measuring and Monitoring Water

You might think that the most obvious thing about water is that it’s wet, but actually ‘wet’ is not what we sense when we feel liquid water! Of our five senses - wetness is not one of them. When we feel wetness what we are mostly experiencing is the temperature of the water or the feeling of it moving across our skin! For example, if you have ever have dried clothes outside on a cool day, you may...

Throughout the world, irrigation (water for agriculture) is essential for keeping fruits, vegetables, and grains growing to feed the world's population. In addition, irrigation can alleviate crop stress from droughts, decrease soil erosion, and can reduce water pollution. USGS scientists provide estimates of irrigation water use to help water managers make informed decisions.

The Willamette River Basin reflects the conflicting water demands between humans and ecosystems—particularly salmon— and the challenge resource managers face throughout the Pacific Northwest.

Centennial Streamgages are USGS streamgages that have been in operation for more than 100 years.

Water data visualizations are provocative visuals and captivating stories that inform, inspire, and empower people to address our Nation's most pressing water issues. USGS Vizlab is a group of data science and visualization experts who use visualizations to communicate water data in compelling and often interactive ways when static images or written narrative can’t effectively communicate the...

The USGS collects real-time flood data and conducts flood science to help keep communities safe before, during, and after a flood.

When planning for a flood, there are three key questions that must be answered:  What areas will be flooded? How deep will the floodwaters get? When will the flood arrive? A flood inundation map library is a set of maps that together show where flooding may occur – and how deep it may be - over a range of potential flooding scenarios in a stream or river.

The USGS Flood Inundation Mapping (FIM) Program helps communities protect lives and property by providing tools and information to help them understand their local flood risks and make cost-effective mitigation decisions.

For more than a century, Canada and the United States have maintained a system of monitoring streamflow and water levels for shared waters. Today, the USGS and Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) maintain a network of International Gauging Stations and International Support Gauging Stations that are determined to be mutually beneficial to both agencies.

High-water marks are like footprints left behind by a flood — they show how high the water reached during a flood event. High-water marks serve as valuable data points for both educational purposes and scientific research, helping us understand past and recent flood events. Collecting this information is an essential and time-sensitive task for understanding flood risk and improving public safety.

The Kootenai River Watershed is an international resource cooperatively managed by the U.S., Canada, and Tribal governments. In recent years, coal mining in the Canadian portion of the watershed has resulted in elevated concentrations of several constituents, including selenium, nitrate, and sulfate downstream (Storb et al., 2023). At increased levels, these mining byproducts can affect water...

Federal Priority Streamgages (FPS) are automated stations that monitor water conditions in streams and rivers throughout the country. Originally established in 1999, these are important for meeting specific long-term needs of the Nation. The FPS Network was recently re-prioritized which resulted in size of the network increasing to nearly 12,400 locations.