My work differs from that of many other scientists because, although I am a Research Wetland Ecologist with a research focus on Great Lakes coastal wetland habitats and invasive plant species (e.g., Phragmites australis), I have extensive involvement in the application of research results into practice and policy (e.g., development of novel adaptive management approaches).
Can we find innovative control approaches for Phragmites australis (Common Reed) and other invasive plant species of concern to resource managers?
What is the role of hydrologic connectivity in the rehabilitation and adaptive management of diked and coastal wetland ecosystems in the Laurentian Great Lakes and throughout the nation?
What is the landscape-scale potential for coastal wetland habitat rehabilitation throughout the Great Lakes basin?
These are a few of the research questions that I have been working on during my 27+ years at the Great Lakes Science Center. My master’s work in GIS and remote sensing at Eastern Michigan University and doctoral studies at the University of Michigan provided a solid foundation for extensive work with USFWS refuges (Detroit River, Ottawa, Seney, Shiawassee), Michigan DNR, Ohio DNR, The Nature Conservancy, Ducks Unlimited, and many other partners. I’ve studied the marshes of western Lake Erie and Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) for many years and continue to work with managers to apply site specific results at national scales. Leadership experiences at the National Conservation Leadership Institute and within USGS have helped me conduct some innovative science and push our research teams in new directions.
Select Research Projects:
Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment: overview, geonarrative, and mappers (See Web Tools tab below)
Collaborative coastal wetland restoration planning and monitoring for over 1,000 acres (400 hectares) at the USFWS Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge
Implementation of the binational Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Monitoring Program
Professional Experience
Research Ecologist, Coastal Ecosystems Branch, 11/06 – present, U.S.G.S. – Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI
Geographer, Coastal and Wetland Ecology Branch, 3/97 – 11/06, U.S.G.S. – Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI
Biological Science Laboratory Technician (Plants), Coastal and Wetland Ecology Branch, 1/95 – 1/97, U.S.G.S. – Great Lakes Science Center, Ann Arbor, MI
National Conservation Leadership Institute Cohort 7 (2012), NCLI 2.0 (2018), Training (2020), Conference (2021), and Summit (2022)
Education and Certifications
Ph.D. (Aquatic Ecology), University of Michigan
M.S. (Geography with concentration on Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing), Eastern Michigan University
B.S. (Natural Resources Policy and Behavior), University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and Environment
Professional Wetland Scientist (P.W.S.) Certification, Society of Wetland Scientists, 2001 – Present
Affiliations and Memberships*
President, Restoration Section, Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS), 2022 – Present
Regional Contact, North Central Chapter, Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS), 2012 – Present
President, North Central Chapter, SWS, 2004 – 2007
Member, Society of Wetland Scientists, 1994 – Present
Science and Products
Science pages by this scientist
Invasive Phragmites Science: Using Cutting-Edge Genetic Approaches to Develop New Management Tools for the Control of Invasive Phragmites.
Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework – Active Adaptive Management
Innovative Approaches for Wetland Restoration and Invasive Species Management
Invasive Phragmites Science: Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative and the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework
A Decision-Support Tool for Invasive Plant Management Under Fluctuating Great Lakes Water Levels
Effects of Great Lakes water levels on coastal populations of Phragmites australis GeoNarrative
Invasive Phragmites Science: Management Tools for the Control of Invasive Phragmites to Foster the Restoration of the Great Lakes
Invasive Phragmites Science: Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative
Aquatic Native Species and Habitat Restoration: Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration and Functional Assessment Tools
Data releases by this scientist
Physical and Biological Monitoring Data Collected from Restored Wetland Units at Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw, MI, USA (2019)
2021 USGS Phragmites australis Greenhouse Submergence Experiment Data conducted in Ann Arbor, MI
Phragmites australis Transcriptome Assembly Optimization
Histochemical study of nitrogen-transfer endosymbiosis
Wetland vegetation and elevation of Arcadia Marsh, Michigan (1995-2010)
Effects of fungal endophytes on invasive Phragmites australis (ssp. australis) performance in growth chamber and field experiments at the Indiana University Research and Teaching Preserve (N 39.217, W −86.540) (2018)
Reference genome for Phragmites australis (Poaceae, subfamily Arundinoideae) and comparison of North American invasive genotype (ssp. australis) and native (ssp. americanus)
Data collected to support research on grass crop growth promotion and biostimulation by endophytic bacteria
Land cover classifications and associated data from treatment areas enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework, 2018
Soil microbes surrounding native and non-native Phragmites australis in the Great Lakes and East Coast of the United States (2015-2017 survey)
The effects of North American fungi and bacteria on Phragmites australis leaves 2017-2019, with comparisons to the global Phragmites microbiome
DIDSON video collection of Coastal Lake Erie Wetland, Lucas Co, Ohio in 2011
Publications by this scientist
A decision framework for the management of established biological invasions
Optimization and application of non-native Phragmites australis transcriptome assemblies
Estimating phosphorus retention capacity of flow-through wetlands
Genetic analysis of North American Phragmites australis guides management approaches
Turbidity and estimated phosphorus retention in a reconnected Lake Erie coastal wetland
Histochemical evidence for nitrogen‐transfer Endosymbiosis in non‐photosynthetic cells of leaves and inflorescence bracts of angiosperms
Fungal endophyte effects on invasive Phragmites australis performance in field and growth chamber environments
Extent of sedge-grass meadow in a Lake Michigan drowned river mouth wetland dictated by topography and lake level
Novel genome characteristics contribute to the invasiveness of Phragmites australis (common reed)
Endophytic bacteria in grass crop growth promotion and biostimulation
Enhancing Great Lakes coastal ecosystems research by initiating engagement between scientists and decision-makers
Using uncrewed aerial vehicles for identifying the extent of invasive Phragmites australis in treatment areas enrolled in an adaptive management program
Non-USGS Publications**
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Web tools by this scientist
Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment Geonarrative
The Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) uses principles of geodesign to identify, assess, and restore areas along the U.S. coast of the Great Lakes that have the most potential to restore coastal wetland habitat. This Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) funded work supports land managers and restoration practitioners from site-specific to landscape scales.
Software by this scientist
Annual Management Unit Summary Code
News about this scientist
Science and Products
- Science
Science pages by this scientist
Invasive Phragmites Science: Using Cutting-Edge Genetic Approaches to Develop New Management Tools for the Control of Invasive Phragmites.
Invasive plants negatively impact our water, wildlife, and way of life. Current management tools are not cutting it, so a multi-agency research team is using molecular biotechnology to develop new species-specific treatments that help land managers improve the natural resources that we depend on and have more management options during droughts, floods, and other periods of plant stress. This...Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework – Active Adaptive Management
Non-native Phragmites australis (Common Reed) has become established across the Great Lakes basin, outcompeting native plants and degrading natural habitats. Phragmites is managed using a variety of resource-intensive techniques, yet effectiveness of treatment may vary due to infestation level, application methods, environmental conditions, or other factors. With the goal to reduce uncertainty in...Innovative Approaches for Wetland Restoration and Invasive Species Management
Coastal and wetland ecosystems provide critical habitat to birds, fish, wildlife, and a suite of other organisms, clean our water and mitigate flooding events, and offer tremendous recreational opportunities to visitors. However, the majority of coastal and wetland ecosystems in the Great Lakes basin have been significantly degraded or destroyed by ditching, draining, development, invasive species...Invasive Phragmites Science: Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative and the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework
Broad coordination is required to overcome large-scale regional challenges such as controlling a persistent invasive plant like Phragmites. Individual management actions may have local impact, but their implementation can be inefficient and landscape-scale impacts are limited. The highly successful Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative builds collaboration and facilitates communication on a...A Decision-Support Tool for Invasive Plant Management Under Fluctuating Great Lakes Water Levels
Water levels in the Great Lakes are fluctuating in ways that we have not seen in the past, with both historically low- and high-water levels occurring in the last decade. Expectations are that larger and more frequent water-level fluctuations will occur in response to climate change. The increased variability in lake levels has implications for the management of invasive plants found in the coastaEffects of Great Lakes water levels on coastal populations of Phragmites australis GeoNarrative
The "Phragmites Management and Variable Great Lakes Water Levels" GeoNarrative presents research by the US Geological Survey and US Fish and Wildlife Service on how Great Lakes water levels affect expansion and management of coastal Phragmites populations.Invasive Phragmites Science: Management Tools for the Control of Invasive Phragmites to Foster the Restoration of the Great Lakes
The USGS is developing innovative Phragmites control measures to keep this rapidly spreading invasive plant from further expanding its range into new wetland habitats and to aid in the development of successful restoration strategies. Scientists are conducting studies and field tests to determine (1) if microbes (i.e., fungi and bacteria) that live within and around Phragmites are enabling the...Invasive Phragmites Science: Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative
Addressing a large-scale regional issue such as controlling a persistent invasive plant like Phragmites requires broad cross-sector coordination. Little progress is made and cost efficiencies are reduced when each entity works independently. The highly successful Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative builds collaboration and facilitates communication on a regional level with a common agenda and...Aquatic Native Species and Habitat Restoration: Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration and Functional Assessment Tools
USGS scientists developed the Restoration Assessment decision support tool to help resource managers prioritize where to invest in restoration activities, and the Functional Assessment analysis tool which will help managers quantify changes in ecosystem services associated with restoration actions. - Data
Data releases by this scientist
Filter Total Items: 24Physical and Biological Monitoring Data Collected from Restored Wetland Units at Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge, Saginaw, MI, USA (2019)
Data represent physical (water quality, water nutrient analysis) and biological (fish, macroinvertebrate, and vegetation community) collections from the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge in Saginaw, MI, USA (specifically, historical management unit "Pool 1A" and the North and South management units of the Maankiki Marsh Complex.) The North and South management units of the Maankiki Marsh Complex2021 USGS Phragmites australis Greenhouse Submergence Experiment Data conducted in Ann Arbor, MI
To determine the potential for controlling non-native Phragmites australis through use of a cut-to-drown management strategy we performed a controlled greenhouse mesocosm experiment in Ann Arbor, MI during summer 2021. Field collected Phragmites rhizomes from one site within Michigan were propagated, cuttings taken of individual stems and potted in nursery pots. Established plants were then subjecPhragmites australis Transcriptome Assembly Optimization
Nonnative Phragmites australis (common reed) is widely distributed across North America and insufficient knowledge of P. australis has impeded the efficiency of management. To aid in Phragmites management and future studies, we used RNA-seq data from multiple types of plant tissue to construct forty-nine P. australis transcriptomes via different assembly tools and multiple parameter settings, resuHistochemical study of nitrogen-transfer endosymbiosis
Plant roots have the best-understood mutualisms with microbes, but leaf and bract cell endosymbiosis have not been previously reported. Leaf and bract cells of more than 30 species in 18 families of seed plants were surveyed for the presence of intracellular bacteria and several experiments were designed to find and analyze nutrient exchanges between bacteria and plant cells. This dataset containsWetland vegetation and elevation of Arcadia Marsh, Michigan (1995-2010)
Vegetation sampling and elevation data were collected to characterize the sedge-grass meadow of Arcadia Marsh, Arcadia, Michigan (USA), a drowned river mouth wetland near Lake Michigan. Wetland vegetation community data were collected by quadrat sampling in 1995, 2002, and 2010 and topographic data were collected via GPS and LIDAR positional data in 2010.Effects of fungal endophytes on invasive Phragmites australis (ssp. australis) performance in growth chamber and field experiments at the Indiana University Research and Teaching Preserve (N 39.217, W −86.540) (2018)
These data tables contain data collections from field experiments of Phragmites australis (ssp. australis) treated with known fungal endophytes. Tiller counts, tiller diameter, and tiller height measurements were taken every two weeks over an eight-week study period. Clones of Phragmites plants were collected from three different locations: Sandusky, Michigan; Bloomington, Indiana; and the OttawaReference genome for Phragmites australis (Poaceae, subfamily Arundinoideae) and comparison of North American invasive genotype (ssp. australis) and native (ssp. americanus)
These data represent the first reference genome for the invasive Phragmites australis ssp. australis (1.14 giga base pairs (Gbp)), as well as output from comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses for invasive and native genotypes coexisting in the Great Lakes region of North America. Genome sequencing data used tillers and associated rhizome tissues collected from a single P. australis patchData collected to support research on grass crop growth promotion and biostimulation by endophytic bacteria
These data show grass crop and model species response to toxic chemicals (Arsenic (As)) and humic acids. Experiments were performed by collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey, Rutgers University, and Rey Juan Carlos University. A series of individual experiments investigated beneficial effects of endophytic bacteria on grass crop growth and resilience to known plant toxicity.Land cover classifications and associated data from treatment areas enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework, 2018
During 2018, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs or 'drones') were used to collect spatially referenced aerial imagery from 20 management units (sites) enrolled in the Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework, a collective learning program developed by the Great Lakes Phragmites Collaborative. Management units were located in Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin (USA). Invasive Phragmites australis (hereafterSoil microbes surrounding native and non-native Phragmites australis in the Great Lakes and East Coast of the United States (2015-2017 survey)
To determine the differences in soil microbial community composition between native and non-native lineages of Phragmites, we sampled soils from eight sites in the Great Lakes basin where populations of native and non-native Phragmites co-occurred. In addition, we included samples of soils from 27 populations of Phragmites across the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coasts of the US. Samples were colleThe effects of North American fungi and bacteria on Phragmites australis leaves 2017-2019, with comparisons to the global Phragmites microbiome
The data document the results of several microbe bioassays performed by the USGS on Phragmites australis plants, including those performed on mature leaves, seedlings, and dead leaf tissues exploration of the literature to find accounts of microbes associated with Phragmites worldwide. For the bioassays, we prepared 162 pure cultures isolated from Phragmites plants in North America along the eastDIDSON video collection of Coastal Lake Erie Wetland, Lucas Co, Ohio in 2011
The data set includes quantitative fish abundance counts estimated from video data files collected by a Dual-frequency IDentification SONar (DIDSON) placed at the junction of a water control structure located between Pool 2B and Crane Creek (41.62133N, -83.20769W) within Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge (Lucas County, Ohio). One-hour-long video data files were used to estimate fish activity in a re - Multimedia
- Publications
Publications by this scientist
Filter Total Items: 47A decision framework for the management of established biological invasions
In some cases, managing an established invasive species may do more harm to an ecosystem than allowing the invader to persist. Given limited resources available to land managers and the realities of conservation triage, we recognized the need for systematic guidance for management decisions made at the “late end” of the invasion curve. We gathered an interdisciplinary group of experts and practitiAuthorsC. D. Robichaud, R. C. Rooney, B. M. H. Larson, S. E. Wolfe, Z. Nyssa, Kurt P. Kowalski, H. BraunOptimization and application of non-native Phragmites australis transcriptome assemblies
Phragmites australis (common reed) has a cosmopolitan distribution and has been suggested as a model organism for the study of invasive plant species. In North America, the non-native subspecies (ssp. australis) is widely distributed across the contiguous 48 states in the United States and large parts of Canada. Even though millions of dollars are spent annually on Phragmites management, insufficiAuthorsFeng Tao, Chuanzhu Fan, Yimin Liu, Subashini Sivakumar, Kurt P. Kowalski, Edward M GolenbergEstimating phosphorus retention capacity of flow-through wetlands
A Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach is introduced to pool data properly from multiple flow-through wetlands to estimate wetland-specific long-term phosphorus retention capacity. By pooling data from multiple wetlands, we overcome the difficulties in estimating the effectiveness of using constructed and natural wetlands for nutrient reduction. The Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach reducAuthorsSong S. Qian, Kristi K. Arend, Stephen J Jacquemin, S. Mazeika Patricio Sullivan, Kurt P. KowalskiGenetic analysis of North American Phragmites australis guides management approaches
Phragmites australis subsp. australis is an invasive and ecologically detrimental plant in multiple regions of North America. Its co-occurrence with the native subspecies, and multiple instances of hybridization, has created the need to differentiate Phragmites subspecies or haplotypes so that management can be appropriately targeted to the invader. We compiled a review of current genetic discrimiAuthorsDenise L. Lindsay, Joanna Freeland, Ping Gong, Xin Guan, Nathan E Harms, Kurt P. Kowalski, Richard F. Lance, Dong-Ha Oh, Bradley T Sartain, Douglas L WendellTurbidity and estimated phosphorus retention in a reconnected Lake Erie coastal wetland
Nearly all of the wetlands in the coastal zone of Lake Erie have been degraded or destroyed since the 1860s, and most of those that remain are separated from their watersheds by earthen dikes. Hydrologic isolation of these wetlands disrupts ecosystem benefits typical to Great Lakes coastal wetlands, particularly the ability to trap sediments and retain nutrients when inundated by runoff and lake wAuthorsGlenn Carter, Kurt P. Kowalski, Michael EgglestonHistochemical evidence for nitrogen‐transfer Endosymbiosis in non‐photosynthetic cells of leaves and inflorescence bracts of angiosperms
We used light and confocal microscopy to visualize bacteria in leaf and bract cells of more than 30 species in 18 families of seed plants. Through histochemical analysis, we detected hormones (including ethylene and nitric oxide), superoxide, and nitrogenous chemicals (including nitric oxide and nitrate) around bacteria within plant cells. Bacteria were observed in epidermal cells, various filamenAuthorsApril Micci, Qiuwei Zhang, Xiaoqian Chang, Kathryn Kingsley, Linsey Park, Peerapol Chiaranunt, Raquele Strickland, Fernando Velazquez, Sean Lindert, Matthew T. Elmore, Philip L. Vines, Sharron Crane, Ivelisse Irizarry, Kurt P. Kowalski, David Johnston-Monje, James F. WhiteFungal endophyte effects on invasive Phragmites australis performance in field and growth chamber environments
Manipulating plant microbiomes may provide control of invasive species. Invasive Phragmites australis has spread rapidly in North American wetlands, causing significant declines in native biodiversity. To test microbiome effects on host growth, we inoculated four common fungal endophytes into replicated Phragmites genotypes and monitored their growth in field and growth chamber environments. InocuAuthorsQuynh N Quach, Thomas T Thrasher, Kurt P. Kowalski, Keith ClayExtent of sedge-grass meadow in a Lake Michigan drowned river mouth wetland dictated by topography and lake level
Water-level fluctuations are critical in maintaining diversity of plant communities in Great Lakes wetlands. Sedge-grass meadows are especially sensitive to such fluctuations. We conducted vegetation sampling in a sedge-grass dominated Lake Michigan drowned river mouth wetland in 1995, 2002, and 2010 following high lake levels in 1986 and 1997. We also conducted photointerpretation studies in 16 yAuthorsDouglas A. Wilcox, John A Bateman, Kurt P. Kowalski, James E Meeker, Nicole DunnNovel genome characteristics contribute to the invasiveness of Phragmites australis (common reed)
The rapid invasion of the non-native Phragmites australis (Poaceae, subfamily Arundinoideae) is a major threat to native wetland ecosystems in North America and elsewhere. We describe the first reference genome for P. australis and compare invasive (ssp. australis) and native (ssp. americanus) genotypes collected from replicated populations across the Laurentian Great Lakes to deduce genomic basesAuthorsDong-Ha Oh, Kurt P. Kowalski, Quynh Quach, Chathura Wijesinghege, Philippa Tanford, Maheshi Dassanayake, Keith ClayEndophytic bacteria in grass crop growth promotion and biostimulation
Plants naturally carry microbes on seeds and within seeds that may facilitate development and early survival of seedlings. Some crops have lost seed-vectored microbes in the process of domestication or during seed storage and seed treatment. Biostimulant microbes from wild plants were used by pre-modern cultures to re-acquire beneficial seed microbes. Today some companies have developed or are deAuthorsJames F. White, Xiaoqian Chang, Kathryn L. Kingsley, Qiuwei Zhang, Peerapol Chiaranunt, April Micci, Fernando Velazquez, Matthew T. Elmore, Sharron Crane, Shanjia Li, Jiaxin Lu, Maria Molina Cobos, Natalia Gonzalez-Benitez, Miguel J Beltran-Garcia, Kurt P. KowalskiEnhancing Great Lakes coastal ecosystems research by initiating engagement between scientists and decision-makers
A disconnect between scientific research and environmental management communities can be a detriment to both. In the case of Great Lakes coastal ecosystems, which are inherently complex and subject to uncertain effects of future climatic, environmental, and anthropogenic drivers, greater collaboration could be beneficial to their sustainability. We capture the challenges and opportunities identifiAuthorsCharlotte B. Weinstein, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, S. L. Martin, W. S. Currie, K. Grantham, Q. F. Hamlin, David W Hyndman, Kurt P. Kowalski, J. P. Martina, D. PearsallUsing uncrewed aerial vehicles for identifying the extent of invasive Phragmites australis in treatment areas enrolled in an adaptive management program
Higher spatial and temporal resolutions of remote sensing data are likely to be useful for ecological monitoring efforts. There are many different treatment approaches for the introduced European genotype of Phragmites australis, and adaptive management principles are being integrated in at least some long-term monitoring efforts. In this paper, we investigated how natural color and a smaller setAuthorsColin N. Brooks, Charlotte B. Weinstein, Andrew F. Poley, Amanda G. Grimm, Nicholas P. Marion, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Dana Hansen, Kurt P. KowalskiNon-USGS Publications**
Kowalski. K. P. 2010. Overcoming barriers to coastal wetland ecosystem rehabilitation: strategies for the Great Lakes. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann ArborKowalski, K. P. 2000. Analysis of wetland plant communities and environmental conditions: a wetland restoration project in Seney National Wildlife Refuge. M.S. thesis, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
- Web Tools
Web tools by this scientist
Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment Geonarrative
The Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Restoration Assessment (GLCWRA) uses principles of geodesign to identify, assess, and restore areas along the U.S. coast of the Great Lakes that have the most potential to restore coastal wetland habitat. This Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) funded work supports land managers and restoration practitioners from site-specific to landscape scales.
- Software
Software by this scientist
Annual Management Unit Summary Code
The Phragmites Adaptive Management Framework (PAMF) is an adaptive management program created to improve the efficacy and efficiency of Phragmites management efforts throughout the Great Lakes region. Managers enroll Phragmites stands, report the management techniques they used, and monitor the invasion status of Phragmites on their site (management unit - MU). Through a systematic approach, PAMF - News
News about this scientist
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*Disclaimer: Listing outside positions with professional scientific organizations on this Staff Profile are for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of those professional scientific organizations or their activities by the USGS, Department of the Interior, or U.S. Government