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The USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center scientists’ work helps save lives and protect property while EROS offers remote sensing data to the world.

As the Earth begins its next revolution around the sun, let’s look back at some of the exciting accomplishments at EROS in 2025!

Annual NLCD Advancements

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A poster depiction the debut of the 2023 Annual NLCD
Annual NLCD poster.
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A page filled with text and images, including a map with a legend and a series of images showing change in land cover
Annual NLCD fact sheet.

A longtime, significant effort at EROS has involved classifying land cover across the United States in the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), a Landsat-based resource widely used by researchers, all levels of government agencies, companies and nonprofit organizations. 

In June 2025, just eight months after its debut, the Annual NLCD team at EROS released Collection 1.1, adding land cover and land change information for 2024. This update built on the October 2024 reinvention of NLCD, when Collection 1.0 was introduced, which provided annual land cover and land change data for 1985-2023 across the lower 48 states. 

The release of Annual NLCD Collection 1.0 reference and validation data followed in July. This information evaluates the dataset’s accuracy and includes 8,360 reference plots that were reviewed and classified for every year between 1984 and 2023. 

To help explain the vast improvements in USGS’ Annual NLCD to the user community and the public, a new poster was revealed at scientific conferences in 2025, and a new fact sheet was distributed. 

Coming in 2026: Annual NLCD Collection 1.2, which will contain land cover and land change information from 2025, is planned for release.

Check out Annual NLCD FAQs

Check out Annual NLCD FAQs

Subscribe to USGS Land Cover Newsletter

Subscribe to USGS Land Cover Newsletter

green sagebrush shrubs with brown grass in between
Cheatgrass and sagebrush shrubs in Wyoming
Center pivot irrigation system watering a cornfield in Arizona
Center pivot irrigation system watering a cornfield in Arizona
A managed wildfire burns in a Ponderosa pine stand, New Mexico
A managed wildfire burns in a Ponderosa pine stand, New Mexico
Two men use equipment in a grassy area
Field work involving the USGS ECCOE and NUSO teams and drones

More Data Where that Came From

One remarkable project at EROS began in January and concluded in October 2025: processing of the entire ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) archive for NASA’s Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC), which is a partnership with the USGS at EROS. The data is now all available in the cloud, with no need to order processing for specific imagery. Processing 25 years’ worth of imagery was expected to take 18 months, but the LP DAAC was able to complete it in far less time.

In addition, EROS staff were involved with more than 25 data releases in 2025, more than one every other week—and that’s not even counting updates to previous releases like Annual NLCD. 

EROS scientists who work to classify more specific land cover in the western United States, including sagebrush habitat and exotic annual grasses, released data ranging from springtime weekly exotic annual grass estimates to a 40-year dataset of rangeland land cover components. Data like this helps inform land and fire management decisions. 

Other work at EROS helps with agriculture, water management and drought monitoring by estimating evapotranspiration levels, which is the amount of water lost to evaporation and plant transpiration, or plant “sweating.” A 20-year monthly record of evapotranspiration data for the lower 48 states was released in 2025.

EROS scientists contribute to fire-related releases such as the interagency wildland fire management data program’s LANDFIRE annual landscape data updates and the Burn Severity Portal’s fire data updates.

Numerous releases also addressed improvements with Landsat and other remote sensing data, both in accuracy and Landsat product development. 

A tractor with a cab pulls a 16-row planter through a field containing a grain cover crop
Planting in a field with a cover crop
several bunches of grapes, mostly purple but a few green, hang from a grapevine
Grapes growing in a winery's vineyard
A house destroyed by Hurricane Michael on Cape San Blas, Florida
Hurricane Michael destroyed many houses on Cape San Blas, Florida

Spread the Word

In 2025, EROS staff released more than 40 publications, including journal articles and reports. Similar to data releases, the topics span land characterization, evapotranspiration estimates and accuracy in remote sensing science, among others. 

One publication, “Thirty Years of the U.S. National Land Cover Database: Impacts and Future Direction,” was named the Editor’s Choice Article in the October 2025 issue of Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing (PE&RS).

In addition, the EROS website published many news articles, including a series called “Landsat at Work” that spotlights ways Landsat data benefits people through a wide variety of commercial uses. From planning transmission paths for emergency communications to keeping an eye on water usage in irrigation, Landsat plays a vital role in all of our lives, livelihoods and resources. 

Listen and Learn

Eyes on Earth podcast episodes produced at EROS covered a wide variety of remote sensing topics in 2025. For example, a two-part series outlined ways EROS has used artificial intelligence (AI) to deliver better scientific results more efficiently, and how AI could improve the future. Another episode spotlighted the value of Landsat thermal data in monitoring Yellowstone National Park.

An image representing Artificial Intelligence (AI)

New Views

Videos and social posts produced at EROS help explain elements of our world through a remote sensing lens. For example, an Image of the Week video included Landsat scenes capturing the adventures of the world’s largest iceberg, A23a. A new Rangeland Condition Monitoring Assessment and Project (RCMAP) video describes the importance of a long-term perspective on rangeland conditions for land managers and researchers.

EROS Facebook

EROS Facebook

EROS Instagram

EROS Instagram

EROS X

EROS X

Among the most popular social posts of the year for the EROS Facebook account was a May 15 post about Las Vegas’ birthday. For EROS Instagram, a May 18 post remembering Mount St. Helens’ eruption 45 years before drew attention. And proving popular on the EROS X account was a July 2 post announcing the Annual NLCD 1.1 release.

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