In the winter of 2015, the public noticed thousands of dead seabirds washing ashore across the western coast of the United States and Canada. The USGS linked this massive seabird die-off to the North Pacific Marine Heatwave. A marine heatwave occurs when sea surface temperatures are above normal for an extended period of time.
Marine Biology and Ecosystems
California Sea Otter Surveys and Research
Coral Reef Project
Aerial Seabird and Marine Mammal Surveys
CASC Fish Research
The ocean is home to a wealth of biodiversity - from invisible-to-the-eye microbes to the larger-than-life megafauna - and unique marine habitat, such as deepwater coral reefs, seamounts, and submarine canyons. USGS science helps inform the management and conservation of marine biodiversity and habitats, from the coastlines down to the deepest trench.
Life in the Sea
From the microscopic plants known as phytoplankton that form the basis of the aquatic food web to the largest animal to ever live on Earth, the blue whale, our oceans are home to a wealth of biodiversity and every organism plays a critical role in the structure and function of this expansive marine environment.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Maintaining this biodiversity is important because a healthy ocean provides us with oxygen, helps regulate climate and weather, acts as a source of protein for many people around the world, and provides jobs and opportunities for eco-tourism and recreation. USGS science informs the management and conservation of marine biodiversity and habitats, in both nearshore and deepwater ecosystems.
USGS Role in Marine Ecosystems Research
From the Atlantic to the Pacific and the Gulf Region in between, USGS scientists have implemented a multi-faceted offshore research program that weaves together expertise in a variety of disciplines to investigate nearshore and deepwater ecosystems. This interdisciplinary approach relies on a network of partners from around the Nation and the world to examine microbiology, population genetics, paleoecology, food webs, taxonomy, community ecology, physical oceanography, seafloor characteristics, and submarine hazards in the little explored, yet vital, marine ecosystems.
Media
Wildlife disease: Much like terrestrial species, animals in the ocean have to worry about the spread of disease. USGS scientists across the Nation are working together with various federal and state partners to assess and better understand a novel coral disease that first appeared in stony corals off the coast of Florida in 2014 and has now spread throughout the Caribbean. In Hawaii, USGS scientists are studying the cause and spread of fibropapillomatosis, a disease that leads to tumors growing internally and externally on sea turtles.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Media
Wildlife tracking: Understanding the short- and long-distance movements of wildlife, particularly those species that spend most of their life offshore and/or underwater, is critical for a wide variety of ecological research questions and management decisions. The USGS tags and tracks imperiled marine species, such as sea otters, sea turtles, and seabirds to learn about their behavior, migration patterns, and habitat use and areas of high use. This information can help inform the creation of marine protected areas or the development of species management strategies. Several aquatic animals, such as manatees or fishes like Chinook salmon and river herring, can move between fresh and salt water. Tracking their movement can reveal connections between marine and coastal ecosystems and provide insight into the seasonality of mass migrations.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Media
Satellite tracking: The satellite tracking map (yellow lines show satellite locations over time) of a loggerhead sea turtle tagged in Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The male turtle traveled to Palm Beach County, Florida for a probable breeding foray during March of 2020.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
USGS Science in Nearshore Ecosystems
Nearshore systems are the habitats in which most people interact with marine environments, which include seabirds, seagrasses, algae, benthic invertebrates and fish, and top predators that include marine mammals like sharks, sea otters, walruses, and even polar bears. USGS research addresses natural and human-induced changes to this ecosystem and all its components.
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Exploring Deep-sea Ecosystems
Most life in the ocean exists in surface waters above 200 meters depth where they have access to sunlight. However, even below 200 meters, where little to no sunlight reaches, temperatures drop, and pressure increases, abundant life exists. A diversity of organisms, including fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, anemones, sea stars, microbes, and even corals make their home in the deep sea. These organisms reside on topographically complex terrain mirroring our terrestrial landscape, dotted with features like trenches, seamounts, canyons, and volcanoes. They also leave behind fossils that help geoscientists construct models of ancient ocean conditions and Earth’s geologic history, as shown in the schematic below.
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Life at the Bottom of the Ocean
The mention of the seafloor may evoke thoughts of a deep, dark expanse of nothing, but the often-assumed void of life in the deep sea couldn’t be further from the truth. Even with the lack of sunlight, an average temperature of 4 degrees Celsius, and extreme pressures that an unprotected human could not survive, the deep sea is brimming with biodiversity, including deep-sea corals. The DISCOVRE (DIversity, Systematics and COnnectivity of Vulnerable Reef Ecosystems) program investigates unique and fragile deep-sea coral environments from the microscopic level to the ecosystem level. The multi-disciplinary approach has enhanced our understanding of the structure and function of significant biological communities surrounding deep coral reefs off the United States’ coasts.
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Science
Walrus Research
The USGS Alaska Science Center conducts long-term research on the Pacific walrus to provide scientific information to Department of Interior management agencies and Alaska Native co-management partners. In addition, the USGS Pacific walrus research program collaborates with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the State of Alaska’s Department of Fish and Game and Alaska Native co...
Polar Bear Research
Polar bears ( Ursus maritimus) are one of 4 marine mammal species managed by the U.S. Department of Interior. The USGS Alaska Science Center leads long–term research on polar bears to inform local, state, national and international policy makers regarding conservation of the species and its habitat. Our studies, ongoing since 1985, are focused on population dynamics, health and energetics...
Nearshore Marine Ecosystem Research
Nearshore ecosystems include many resources that are of high ecological, recreational, subsistence, and economic value. They also are subject to influences from a wide variety of natural and human-caused perturbations, which can originate in terrestrial or oceanic environments. Our research is designed to evaluate sources of variation in the nearshore and how they influence resources of high...
Controls on habitat for native lamprey in the Siletz River Basin
Chinook Salmon and Pacific Lamprey are culturally significant fishes to the Tribal community along the Siletz River, Oregon. The USGS studied how streamflow and bedload conditions may influence mainstem spawning habitats.
Changing Arctic Ecosystems
Arctic regions of Alaska are important for cultural and economic sustainability and host a wide variety of wildlife species, many of which are of conservation and management interest to the U.S. Department of the Interior. The USGS and collaborators provide information about Arctic ecosystems that are used by Arctic residents, management agencies, and industry.
Multimedia
North Pacific Marine Heatwave
In the winter of 2015, the public noticed thousands of dead seabirds washing ashore across the western coast of the United States and Canada. The USGS linked this massive seabird die-off to the North Pacific Marine Heatwave. A marine heatwave occurs when sea surface temperatures are above normal for an extended period of time.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Common Eiders - animation
Illustrates where Common Eiders were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Illustrates where Common Eiders were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Seabirds and Marine Mammals Photographed During Aerial Surveys
Tufted Puffins on the water, Alaska
Four Tufted Puffins on the water, near their breeding colony at Gull Island in Kachemak Bay, Alaska
Four Tufted Puffins on the water, near their breeding colony at Gull Island in Kachemak Bay, Alaska
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surfaceZoomed image of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface.
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surfaceZoomed image of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface.
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surfaceZoomed image of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface.
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surfaceZoomed image of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animation
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animationIllustrates where Pelagic Cormorants were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animation
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animationIllustrates where Pelagic Cormorants were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animation
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animationIllustrates where Pelagic Cormorants were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animation
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animationIllustrates where Pelagic Cormorants were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Tufted Puffin animation
Illustrates where Tufted Puffins were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking
Illustrates where Tufted Puffins were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking
Filter Total Items: 55
Invasive Mussel Control Science: Management Tools for Assessing the Risks and Control of Invasive Dreissenid Species
Invasive zebra and quagga mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis, respectively) are causing significant ecological and economic impacts and the scope of these impacts increases as they continue to spread across North America. The USGS conducts science to inform management actions for controlling and mitigating the impacts of invasive mussels. Studies include evaluation and...
Santa Cruz Field Station
Scientists at the Santa Cruz Field Station study sea otters and seabirds in their environment. The USGS Western Ecological Research Center has two research missions based in the Santa Cruz region:
Exploration of Caribbean Seamounts within the Greater and Lesser Antilles (GA/LA) Transition Zone: Characterization of the Benthic Ecology and Geology
Seamounts may be biodiversity hotspots, oases, islands, and centers for endemism in the deep sea. USGS and partners explore these possibilities within the Greater and Lesser Antilles Transition Zone.
How and Why is the Timing and Occurrence of Seasonal Migrants in the Gulf of Maine Changing Due to Climate?
Plants and animals undergo certain recurring life-cycle events, such as migrations between summer and winter habitats or the annual blooming of plants. Known as phenology, the timing of these events is very sensitive to changes in climate (and changes in one species’ phenology can impact entire food webs and ecosystems). Shifts in phenology have been described as a “fingerprint” of the...
Identifying Critical Thresholds and Tipping Points for Priority Coastal Species in a Changing Future
A large portion of the U.S. population lives in coastal areas along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the Caribbean; however, our coasts are also home to many fish, wildlife, and plant species that are important for recreation, tourism, local economies, biodiversity, and healthy coastal ecosystems. Coastal habitats also provide protective ecosystem services to human communities, which are...
Assessing the Sustainability of Culturally Important Marine Sites in Guam and CNMI
This project was designed to use climate models to produce projections of changes in sea temperatures and ocean chemistry for coastal marine areas in Micronesia as well as reports that describe the outlook of culturally important marine sites in Guam and CNMI. The projections and maps were expected show what the current state of climate science suggests the future holds for marine areas...
Implications of Future Shifts in Migration, Spawning, and Other Life Events of Coastal Fish and Wildlife Species
Climate change is causing species to shift their phenology, or the timing of recurring life events such as migration and spawning, in variable and complex ways. This can potentially result in mismatches or asynchronies in food and habitat resources that negatively impact individual fitness, population dynamics, and ecosystem function. Numerous studies have evaluated phenological shifts...
The ocean is home to a wealth of biodiversity - from invisible-to-the-eye microbes to the larger-than-life megafauna - and unique marine habitat, such as deepwater coral reefs, seamounts, and submarine canyons. USGS science helps inform the management and conservation of marine biodiversity and habitats, from the coastlines down to the deepest trench.
Life in the Sea
From the microscopic plants known as phytoplankton that form the basis of the aquatic food web to the largest animal to ever live on Earth, the blue whale, our oceans are home to a wealth of biodiversity and every organism plays a critical role in the structure and function of this expansive marine environment.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Maintaining this biodiversity is important because a healthy ocean provides us with oxygen, helps regulate climate and weather, acts as a source of protein for many people around the world, and provides jobs and opportunities for eco-tourism and recreation. USGS science informs the management and conservation of marine biodiversity and habitats, in both nearshore and deepwater ecosystems.
USGS Role in Marine Ecosystems Research
From the Atlantic to the Pacific and the Gulf Region in between, USGS scientists have implemented a multi-faceted offshore research program that weaves together expertise in a variety of disciplines to investigate nearshore and deepwater ecosystems. This interdisciplinary approach relies on a network of partners from around the Nation and the world to examine microbiology, population genetics, paleoecology, food webs, taxonomy, community ecology, physical oceanography, seafloor characteristics, and submarine hazards in the little explored, yet vital, marine ecosystems.
Media
Wildlife disease: Much like terrestrial species, animals in the ocean have to worry about the spread of disease. USGS scientists across the Nation are working together with various federal and state partners to assess and better understand a novel coral disease that first appeared in stony corals off the coast of Florida in 2014 and has now spread throughout the Caribbean. In Hawaii, USGS scientists are studying the cause and spread of fibropapillomatosis, a disease that leads to tumors growing internally and externally on sea turtles.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Media
Wildlife tracking: Understanding the short- and long-distance movements of wildlife, particularly those species that spend most of their life offshore and/or underwater, is critical for a wide variety of ecological research questions and management decisions. The USGS tags and tracks imperiled marine species, such as sea otters, sea turtles, and seabirds to learn about their behavior, migration patterns, and habitat use and areas of high use. This information can help inform the creation of marine protected areas or the development of species management strategies. Several aquatic animals, such as manatees or fishes like Chinook salmon and river herring, can move between fresh and salt water. Tracking their movement can reveal connections between marine and coastal ecosystems and provide insight into the seasonality of mass migrations.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Media
Satellite tracking: The satellite tracking map (yellow lines show satellite locations over time) of a loggerhead sea turtle tagged in Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. The male turtle traveled to Palm Beach County, Florida for a probable breeding foray during March of 2020.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
USGS Science in Nearshore Ecosystems
Nearshore systems are the habitats in which most people interact with marine environments, which include seabirds, seagrasses, algae, benthic invertebrates and fish, and top predators that include marine mammals like sharks, sea otters, walruses, and even polar bears. USGS research addresses natural and human-induced changes to this ecosystem and all its components.
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Exploring Deep-sea Ecosystems
Most life in the ocean exists in surface waters above 200 meters depth where they have access to sunlight. However, even below 200 meters, where little to no sunlight reaches, temperatures drop, and pressure increases, abundant life exists. A diversity of organisms, including fishes, crustaceans, cephalopods, anemones, sea stars, microbes, and even corals make their home in the deep sea. These organisms reside on topographically complex terrain mirroring our terrestrial landscape, dotted with features like trenches, seamounts, canyons, and volcanoes. They also leave behind fossils that help geoscientists construct models of ancient ocean conditions and Earth’s geologic history, as shown in the schematic below.
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Life at the Bottom of the Ocean
The mention of the seafloor may evoke thoughts of a deep, dark expanse of nothing, but the often-assumed void of life in the deep sea couldn’t be further from the truth. Even with the lack of sunlight, an average temperature of 4 degrees Celsius, and extreme pressures that an unprotected human could not survive, the deep sea is brimming with biodiversity, including deep-sea corals. The DISCOVRE (DIversity, Systematics and COnnectivity of Vulnerable Reef Ecosystems) program investigates unique and fragile deep-sea coral environments from the microscopic level to the ecosystem level. The multi-disciplinary approach has enhanced our understanding of the structure and function of significant biological communities surrounding deep coral reefs off the United States’ coasts.
Media
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Science
Walrus Research
The USGS Alaska Science Center conducts long-term research on the Pacific walrus to provide scientific information to Department of Interior management agencies and Alaska Native co-management partners. In addition, the USGS Pacific walrus research program collaborates with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the State of Alaska’s Department of Fish and Game and Alaska Native co...
Polar Bear Research
Polar bears ( Ursus maritimus) are one of 4 marine mammal species managed by the U.S. Department of Interior. The USGS Alaska Science Center leads long–term research on polar bears to inform local, state, national and international policy makers regarding conservation of the species and its habitat. Our studies, ongoing since 1985, are focused on population dynamics, health and energetics...
Nearshore Marine Ecosystem Research
Nearshore ecosystems include many resources that are of high ecological, recreational, subsistence, and economic value. They also are subject to influences from a wide variety of natural and human-caused perturbations, which can originate in terrestrial or oceanic environments. Our research is designed to evaluate sources of variation in the nearshore and how they influence resources of high...
Controls on habitat for native lamprey in the Siletz River Basin
Chinook Salmon and Pacific Lamprey are culturally significant fishes to the Tribal community along the Siletz River, Oregon. The USGS studied how streamflow and bedload conditions may influence mainstem spawning habitats.
Changing Arctic Ecosystems
Arctic regions of Alaska are important for cultural and economic sustainability and host a wide variety of wildlife species, many of which are of conservation and management interest to the U.S. Department of the Interior. The USGS and collaborators provide information about Arctic ecosystems that are used by Arctic residents, management agencies, and industry.
Multimedia
North Pacific Marine Heatwave
In the winter of 2015, the public noticed thousands of dead seabirds washing ashore across the western coast of the United States and Canada. The USGS linked this massive seabird die-off to the North Pacific Marine Heatwave. A marine heatwave occurs when sea surface temperatures are above normal for an extended period of time.
In the winter of 2015, the public noticed thousands of dead seabirds washing ashore across the western coast of the United States and Canada. The USGS linked this massive seabird die-off to the North Pacific Marine Heatwave. A marine heatwave occurs when sea surface temperatures are above normal for an extended period of time.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Common Eiders - animation
Illustrates where Common Eiders were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Illustrates where Common Eiders were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Seabirds and Marine Mammals Photographed During Aerial Surveys
Tufted Puffins on the water, Alaska
Four Tufted Puffins on the water, near their breeding colony at Gull Island in Kachemak Bay, Alaska
Four Tufted Puffins on the water, near their breeding colony at Gull Island in Kachemak Bay, Alaska
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surfaceZoomed image of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface.
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surfaceZoomed image of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface.
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surfaceZoomed image of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface.
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surfaceZoomed image of a Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) breaking the surface.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animation
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animationIllustrates where Pelagic Cormorants were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animation
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animationIllustrates where Pelagic Cormorants were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animation
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animationIllustrates where Pelagic Cormorants were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animation
Argos Wildlife Tracking Pelagic Cormorants - animationIllustrates where Pelagic Cormorants were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking.
Argos Wildlife Tracking Tufted Puffin animation
Illustrates where Tufted Puffins were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking
Illustrates where Tufted Puffins were tracked using Argos Wildlife Tracking
Filter Total Items: 55
Invasive Mussel Control Science: Management Tools for Assessing the Risks and Control of Invasive Dreissenid Species
Invasive zebra and quagga mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha and D. rostriformis bugensis, respectively) are causing significant ecological and economic impacts and the scope of these impacts increases as they continue to spread across North America. The USGS conducts science to inform management actions for controlling and mitigating the impacts of invasive mussels. Studies include evaluation and...
Santa Cruz Field Station
Scientists at the Santa Cruz Field Station study sea otters and seabirds in their environment. The USGS Western Ecological Research Center has two research missions based in the Santa Cruz region:
Exploration of Caribbean Seamounts within the Greater and Lesser Antilles (GA/LA) Transition Zone: Characterization of the Benthic Ecology and Geology
Seamounts may be biodiversity hotspots, oases, islands, and centers for endemism in the deep sea. USGS and partners explore these possibilities within the Greater and Lesser Antilles Transition Zone.
How and Why is the Timing and Occurrence of Seasonal Migrants in the Gulf of Maine Changing Due to Climate?
Plants and animals undergo certain recurring life-cycle events, such as migrations between summer and winter habitats or the annual blooming of plants. Known as phenology, the timing of these events is very sensitive to changes in climate (and changes in one species’ phenology can impact entire food webs and ecosystems). Shifts in phenology have been described as a “fingerprint” of the...
Identifying Critical Thresholds and Tipping Points for Priority Coastal Species in a Changing Future
A large portion of the U.S. population lives in coastal areas along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the Caribbean; however, our coasts are also home to many fish, wildlife, and plant species that are important for recreation, tourism, local economies, biodiversity, and healthy coastal ecosystems. Coastal habitats also provide protective ecosystem services to human communities, which are...
Assessing the Sustainability of Culturally Important Marine Sites in Guam and CNMI
This project was designed to use climate models to produce projections of changes in sea temperatures and ocean chemistry for coastal marine areas in Micronesia as well as reports that describe the outlook of culturally important marine sites in Guam and CNMI. The projections and maps were expected show what the current state of climate science suggests the future holds for marine areas...
Implications of Future Shifts in Migration, Spawning, and Other Life Events of Coastal Fish and Wildlife Species
Climate change is causing species to shift their phenology, or the timing of recurring life events such as migration and spawning, in variable and complex ways. This can potentially result in mismatches or asynchronies in food and habitat resources that negatively impact individual fitness, population dynamics, and ecosystem function. Numerous studies have evaluated phenological shifts...