Brander, S. M., He, G., Smalling, K. L., Denison, M. S. and Cherr, G. N. (2012), The in vivo estrogenic and in vitro anti-estrogenic activity of permethrin and bifenthrin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31: 2848–2855
Due to a lapse in appropriations, the majority of USGS websites may not be up to date and may not reflect current conditions. Websites displaying real-time data, such as Earthquake and Water and information needed for public health and safety will be updated with limited support. Additionally, USGS will not be able to respond to inquiries until appropriations are enacted. For more information, please see www.doi.gov/shutdown
Kelly Smalling
I am interested in the exposure and effects of contaminants including current-use pesticides and other endocrine active compounds on fish and wildlife with a focus on amphibian populations.
Biography
I am an environmental organic chemist who has been working with the USGS since 2004. My current research focuses on the occurrence, fate and effects of emerging contaminants including current-use pesticides in the environment. I am the lead for the Amphibian Research and Monitoring Initiative's Contaminants Project, the project coordinator of the "EDC effects on fish and wildlife in the Cheseapeake Bay Watershed" project through the Contaminants Biology Program, and a member of the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program's Pesticide Fate Research Team.
I received a BS in Chemistry from the University of Alabama in Huntsville in 1999 and a MSPH in Environmental Health Science from the University of South Carolina in 2003.
Science and Products
Date published: September 11, 2018
Status: Active Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Science Team
The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States and provides critical resources to fish, wildlife and people. For more than a decade, recreational fish species have been plagued with skin lesions and intersex conditions (the presence of male and female sex characteristics in the same fish) that biologists attributed to exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)....
Contacts: Kelly Smalling
Date published: September 7, 2018
Status: Completed Unique Methods Used to Understand Frog Exposure to Pesticides in Agricultural Settings
Adult frog exposure to pesticides in aquatic and terrestrial habitats was quantified using a novel combination of radio telemetry and passive sampling techniques to better understand factors affecting frog health and survival in agricultural landscapes.
Contacts: Kelly Smalling
Date published: July 5, 2018
Status: Active Emerging Contaminants and their Effects on Fish and Frogs
The endocrine system in animals produce hormones to regulate essential life processes, such as metabolism, tissue function, reproduction, and development. A large group of natural and synthetic chemicals are known to disrupt endocrine function. Examples include plant hormones, plastic components, flame retardants, surfactants, fragrances, pesticides, etc. Endocrine disrupting chemicals, or...
Contacts: Kelly Smalling
Attribution: New Jersey Water Science Center
Date published: July 5, 2018
Status: Active Point and Nonpoint Sources of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and the Potential effects on Fish and Frogs in the New Jersey Pinelands
Scientists from the NJ WSC, Leetown Science Center and New Jersey Pinelands Commission recently initiated a 4 year study designed to characterize the point and non-point sources of endocrine disrupting compound (EDCs) and their potential effects on fish and frogs in the NJ Pinelands.
Contacts: Kelly Smalling, Vicki Blazer, John Bunnell
Attribution: New Jersey Water Science Center
Date published: July 5, 2018
Status: Active Pesticides and Amphibian Pathogens in Natural and Created Wetlands in the New Jersey Pinelands
The New Jersey Water Science Center in collaboration with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission and Montclair University, conducted a 4 year study to assess the functional equivalency of ponds and stormwater basins in the New Jersey Pinelands by comparing indicators of hydrologic condition, water quality (including pesticides) and biological metrics (amphibian pathogens).
Contacts: Kelly Smalling, John Bunnell
Attribution: New Jersey Water Science Center
Date published: May 4, 2018
Status: Archived Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Prevalence of Intersex in Fish Populations in New Jersey
NJ WSC and Leetown Science Center scientists in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection were tasked with characterizing endocrine disruption in smallmouth bass from New Jersey.
Contacts: Kelly Smalling, Luke R Iwanowicz, Ph.D., Sandra Goodrow
Attribution: New Jersey Water Science Center
Year Published: 2018
Reconnaissance of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in private and public supply tapwaters at selected residential and workplace sites in the United States
Safe drinking water at the point-of-use (tapwater, TW) is a United States public health priority. Multiple lines of evidence were used to evaluate potential human health concerns of 482 organics and 19 inorganics in TW from 13 (7 public supply, 6 private well self-supply) home and 12 (public supply) workplace locations in 11 states. Only uranium (...
Bradley, Paul M.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Romanok, Kristin M.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Focazio, Michael J.; Brown, Juliane B.; Cardon, Mary C.; Carpenter, Kurt; Corsi, Steven R.; DeCicco, Laura A.; Dietze, Julie E.; Evans, Nicola; Furlong, Edward T.; Givens, Carrie E.; Gray, James; Griffin, Dale W.; Higgins, Christopher P.; Hladik, Michelle L.; Iwanowicz, Luke R. ; Journey, Celeste A.; Kuivila, Kathryn ; Masoner, Jason R.; McDonough, Carrie A.; Meyer, Michael T.; Orlando, James L.; Strynar, Mark J.; Weis, Christopher P.; Wilson, Vickie S.
Year Published: 2018
Identifying management-relevant research priorities for responding to disease-associated amphibian declines
A research priority can be defined as a knowledge gap that, if resolved, identifies the optimal course of conservation action. We (a group of geographically distributed and multidisciplinary research scientists) used tools from nominal group theory and decision analysis to collaboratively identify and prioritize information...
Campbell Grant, Evan H.; Adams, M.J.; Fisher, Robert N.; Grear, Daniel A.; Halstead, Brian J.; Hossack, Blake R.; Muths, Erin L.; Richgels, Katherine L. D.; Russell, Robin E.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Waddle, J. Hardin; Walls, Susan C.; White, C. LeAnnAttribution: Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center (FRESC), Fort Collins Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center (NOROCK), Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Western Ecological Research Center, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Ecosystems, Water Resources, Wildlife Program, United States of America
View Citation
Grant, E. H. C., Adams, M. J., Fisher, R. N., Grear, D. A., Halstead, B. J., Hossack, B. R., Muths, E., Richgels, K. L. D., Russell, R. E., Smalling, K. L., Waddle, J. H., Walls, S. C., and White, C. L., 2018, Identifying management-relevant research priorities for responding to disease-associated amphibian declines: Global Ecology and Conservation, v. 16, article e00441, 9 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00441
Year Published: 2018
Effects of persistent energy-related brine contamination on amphibian abundance in national wildlife refuge wetlands
To inform sustainable energy development, it is important to understand the ecological effects of historical and current production practices and the persistence of those effects. The Williston Basin is one of North America's largest oil production areas and overlaps the Prairie Pothole Region, an area densely...
Hossack, Blake R.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Anderson, Chauncey W.; Preston, Todd M.; Cozzarelli, Isabelle M.; Honeycutt, R. KenAttribution: Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center (NOROCK)
View Citation
Hossack, B. R., K. L. Smalling, C. W. Anderson, T. M. Preston, I. M. Cozzarelli, and R. Ken Honeycutt. 2018. Effects of persistent energy-related brine contamination on amphibian abundance in national wildlife refuge wetlands. Biological Conservation 228:36–43.
Year Published: 2018
Exploring the amphibian exposome in an agricultural landscape using telemetry and passive sampling
This is the first field study of its kind to combine radio telemetry, passive samplers, and pesticide accumulation in tissues to characterize the amphibian exposome as it relates to pesticides. Understanding how habitat drives exposure in individuals (i.e., their exposome), and how that relates to individual health is critical to managing species...
Swanson, Jennifer E.; Muths, Erin L.; Pierce, Clay; Dinsmore, Stephen J.; Vandever, Mark; Hladik, Michelle; Smalling, Kelly L.Attribution: Fort Collins Science Center
View Citation
Swanson, J.E., Muths, E., Pierce, C.L., Dinsmore, S.J., Vandever, M.W., Hladik, M.L. and Smalling, K.L., 2018. Exploring the amphibian exposome in an agricultural landscape using telemetry and passive sampling. Scientific reports, 8(1), p.10045.
Year Published: 2018
An initial comparison of pesticides and amphibian pathogens between natural and created wetlands in the New Jersey Pinelands, 2014–16
A study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission and Montclair State University, was designed to compare pesticide concentrations and the presence and prevalence of amphibian pathogens between natural ponds and two types of created wetlands, excavated ponds and stormwater basins, throughout...
Smalling, Kelly L.; Bunnell, John F.; Cohl, Jonathan; Romanok, Kristin M.; Hazard, Lisa; Monsen, Kirsten; Akob, Denise M.; Hansen, Angela M.; Hladik, Michelle L.; Abdallah, Nicole; Ahmed, Quratulain; Assan, Araba; De Parsia, Matthew; Griggs, Amaryl; McWayne-Holmes, Megan; Patel, Naisargi; Sanders, Corey; Shrestha, Yesha; Stout, Sean M.; Williams, BriannaAttribution: New Jersey Water Science Center, Water Resources
View Citation
Smalling, K.L., Bunnell, J.F., Cohl, J., Romanok, K.M., Hazard, L., Monsen, K., Akob, D.M., Hansen, A., Hladik, M.L., Abdallah, N., Ahmed, Q., Assan, A., De Parsia, M., Griggs, A., McWayne-Holmes, M., Patel, N., Sanders, C., Shrestha, Y., Stout, S., and Williams, B., 2018, An initial comparison of pesticides and amphibian pathogens between natural and created wetlands in the New Jersey Pinelands, 2014–16: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1077, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181077.
Year Published: 2018
Leaching and sorption of neonicotinoid insecticides and fungicides from seed coatings
Seed coatings are a treatment used on a variety of crops to improve production and offer protection against pests and fungal outbreaks. The leaching of the active ingredients associated with the seed coatings and the sorption to soil was evaluated under laboratory conditions using commercially available corn and soybean seeds to study the fate and...
Smalling, Kelly L.; Hladik, Michelle; Sanders, Corey; Kuivila, KathrynView Citation
Kelly L. Smalling, Michelle L. Hladik, Corey J. Sanders & Kathryn M. Kuivila
(2017): Leaching and sorption of neonicotinoid insecticides and fungicides from seed coatings,
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1405619
Year Published: 2017
Placement of intracoelomic radio transmitters and silicone passive sampling devices in northern leopard frogs (Lithobates pipiens)
Historically, wetland toxin exposure studies have relied on single time point samples from stationary sampling devices. Development of passive sampling devices (PSDs) that can be attached to individual animals within wetland habitats has greatly improved in recent years, presenting an innovative sampling technology that can potentially yield...
Yaw, Taylor; Swanson, Jennifer E.; Pierce, Clay; Muths, Erin L.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Vandever, Mark; Zaffarano, Bianca AnneAttribution: Cooperative Research Units
Year Published: 2017
Widespread legacy brine contamination from oil production reduces survival of chorus frog larvae
Advances in drilling techniques have facilitated a rapid increase in hydrocarbon extraction from energy shales, including the Williston Basin in central North America. This area overlaps with the Prairie Pothole Region, a region densely populated with wetlands that provide numerous ecosystem services. Historical (legacy) disposal practices often...
Hossack, Blake R.; Puglis, Holly J.; Battaglin, William A.; Anderson, Chauncey W.; Honeycutt, R. Ken; Smalling, Kelly L.Attribution: Water, Colorado Water Science Center, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center (NOROCK), Oregon Water Science Center, Water Resources, Energy & Wildlife, United States of America
View Citation
Hossack, B. R., H. J. Puglis, W. A. Battaglin, C. W. Anderson, R. K. Honeycutt, and K. L. Smalling. 2017. Widespread legacy brine contamination from oil production reduces survival of chorus frog larvae. Environmental Pollution 231:742–751.
Year Published: 2017
Amphibians, pesticides, and the amphibian chytrid fungus in restored wetlands in agricultural landscapes
Information on interactions between pesticide exposure and disease prevalence in amphibian populations is limited, especially from field data. Exposure to certain herbicides and insecticides has the potential to decrease the immune response in frogs, which can potentially lead to increased abundance of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) zoospores...
Reeves, Rebecca A.; Pierce, Clay; Vandever, Mark; Muths, Erin L.; Smalling, Kelly L.Attribution: New Jersey Water Science Center, Water Resources
View Citation
Reeves, R.A., Pierce, C.L., Vandever, M.W., Muths, E., Smalling, K.L., 2017, Amphibians, pesticides and the amphibian chytrid fungus in restored wetlands in agricultural landscapes. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, vol. 12, p. 68-77.
Year Published: 2017
Expanded target-chemical analysis reveals extensive mixed-organic-contaminant exposure in USA streams
Surface water from 38 streams nationwide was assessed using 14 target-organic methods (719 compounds). Designed-bioactive anthropogenic contaminants (biocides, pharmaceuticals) comprised 57% of 406 organics detected at least once. The 10 most-frequently detected anthropogenic-organics included eight pesticides (desulfinylfipronil, AMPA,...
Bradley, Paul M.; Journey, Celeste A.; Romanok, Kristin M.; Barber, Larry B.; Buxton, Herbert T.; Foreman, William T.; Furlong, Edward T.; Glassmeyer, Susan T.; Hladik, Michelle L.; Iwanowicz, Luke R. ; Jones, Daniel K.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Kuivila, Kathryn M. ; Loftin, Keith A.; Mills, Marc A.; Meyer, Michael T.; Orlando, James L. ; Reilly, Timothy J.; Smalling, Kelly L. ; Villeneuve, Daniel L.View Citation
Bradley, P.M., C.A. Journey, K.M. Romanok, L.B. Barber, H.T. Buxton, W.T. Foreman, E.T. Furlong, M.L. Hladik, S.T. Glassmeyer, L.R. Iwanowicz, D.K. Jones, K.W. Kolpin, K.M. Kuivila, K.A. Loftin, M.A. Mills, M.T. Meyer, J.L. Orlando, T.J. Reilly, K.L. Smalling, and D.L. Villeneuve. 2017. Expanded Target-Chemical Analysis Reveals Extensive Mixed-Organic-Contaminant Exposure in USA Streams. Environmental Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00012
Year Published: 2017
Methods used to characterize the chemical composition and biological activity of environmental waters throughout the United States, 2012-14
A vast array of chemical compounds are in wide commercial use in the United States, and the potential ecological and human-health effect of exposure to chemical mixtures has been identified as a high priority in environment health science. Awareness of the potential effects of low-level chemical exposures is rising. The U.S. Geological Survey, in...
Romanok, Kristin M. ; Reilly, Timothy J.; Barber, Larry B.; Boone, J. Scott; Buxton, Herbert T.; Foreman, William T. ; Furlong, Edward T.; Hladik, Michelle; Iwanowicz, Luke R. ; Journey, Celeste A.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Kuivila, Kathryn ; Loftin, Keith A.; Mills, Marc A.; Meyer, Michael T.; Orlando, James L. ; Smalling, Kelly L. ; Villeneuve, Daniel L.; Bradley, Paul M.Attribution: South Atlantic Water Science Center, Water Resources
View Citation
Romanok, K.M., Reilly, T.J., Barber, Larry, Boone, Scott, Buxton, H.T., Foreman, W.T., Furlong, E.T., Hladik, Michelle, Iwanowicz, L.R., Journey, Celeste, Kolpin, D.W., Kuivila, Kathryn, Loftin, K.A., Mills, M.A., Meyer, M.T., Orlando, J.L., Smalling, K.L., Villeneuve, D.L., and Bradley, P.M., 2017, Methods used to characterize the chemical composition and biological activity of environmental waters throughout the United States, 2012–14: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2017–1011, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20171011.
Year Published: 2017
Chronic toxicity of azoxystrobin to freshwater amphipods, midges, cladocerans, and mussels in water-only exposures
Understanding the effects of fungicides on nontarget organisms at realistic concentrations and exposure durations is vital for determining potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Environmental concentrations of the fungicide azoxystrobin have been reported up to 4.6 μg/L in the United States and 30 μg/L in Europe. The objective of the present...
Kunz, James L.; Ingersoll, Christopher G.; Smalling, Kelly L.; Elskus, Adria; Kuivila, KathrynAttribution: Columbia Environmental Research Center
View Citation
Kunz, J.L., Ingersoll, C.G., Smalling, K.L., Elskus, A.A., and Kuivila, K., 2017, Chronic Toxicity of Azoxystrobin to Freshwater Amphipods, Midges, Cladocerans, and Mussels in Water-Only Exposures: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Early View Article, February 2017
Pre-USGS Publications
Brander SM, Connon RE, He G, Hobbs JA, Smalling KL, et al. (2013) From ‘Omics to Otoliths: Responses of an Estuarine Fish to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds across Biological Scales. PLoS ONE 8(9): e74251. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074251
Smalling, K.L and Aelion, C.M., 2006, Biological and chemical transformation of atrazine in coastal aquatic sediments, Chemosphere, 62: 188-196.
Pulster, E. L., Smalling, K. L., Zolman, E., Schwacke, L. and Maruya, K. A. (2009), Persistent organochlorine pollutants and toxaphene congener profiles in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) frequenting the Turtle/Brunswick River Estuary, Georgia, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 28: 1390–1399
Date published: October 26, 2018
A Unified Research Strategy for Disease Management
As wildlife diseases increase globally, an understanding of host-pathogen relationships can elucidate avenues for management and improve conservation efficacy. Amphibians are among the most threatened groups of wildlife, and disease is a major factor in global amphibian declines.
Attribution: Fish & Wildlife Disease, Wildlife Program, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center (FRESC), Fort Collins Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center (NOROCK), Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Western Ecological Research Center, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center